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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">geomorf</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Геоморфология и палеогеография</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Geomorfologiya i Paleogeografiya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2949-1789</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-1797</issn><publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0435-4281201943-26</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">geomorf-1430</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Неотектоническое поднятие гор и геоморфология</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Neotectonic mountain uplift and geomorphology</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оллиер</surname><given-names>К. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ollier</surname><given-names>C. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Школа земли и географических наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>School of Earth and Geographical Sciences</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">cliff.ollier@uwa.edu.au</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пайн</surname><given-names>К. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pain</surname><given-names>C. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>MED_Soil, Департамент кристаллографии, минералогии и сельскохозяйственной химии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MED_Soil, Departamento de Cristlografía, Mineralogía y Quimica Agrícola</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">colinpain@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Западной Австралии</institution><country>Австралия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Western Australia</institution><country>Australia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Севильи</institution><country>Испания</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Universidad de Sevilla</institution><country>Spain</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title>Геоморфология</issue-title><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Оллиер К.Д., Пайн К.Ф., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Оллиер К.Д., Пайн К.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ollier C.D., Pain C.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://geomorphology.igras.ru/jour/article/view/1430">https://geomorphology.igras.ru/jour/article/view/1430</self-uri><abstract><p>Горы — это рельеф, созданный эрозией после вертикального поднятия или “горообразования”. Последнее часто считают синонимом “орогении”, под которой в настоящее время подразумевают формирование структур в поясах складчатости. Общепринятое представление о том, что складчатость и горообразование происходят одновременно во многом неверно. Многие горы сложены не смятыми в складки толщами, гранитами и вулканическими породами; следовательно, нет прямой связи складчатости и горообразования. Во многих случаях, где в основе гор лежат складчатые толщи, складчатость предшествовала планации и поднятию. Значит возраст гор — не возраст последней складчатости (если она вообще была), а возраст вертикального поднятия. Поскольку горные территории не ограничены областями развития складчатых пород, боковое сжатие не является необходимым условием для объяснения поднятия.</p><p>Обобщение материалов о времени поднятия гор по всему миру показывает, что главная фаза тектонических поднятий началась около 6 млн л. н., и бὁльшая часть поднятия произошла в последние 2 млн л. Этот период известен как неотектоническая эпоха. Это глобальное явление, охватывающее, в том числе, образование гор на пассивных континентальных окраинах и внутри континентов.</p><p>Некоторые гипотезы образования гор плохо согласуются с данной хронологией. Несостоятельность части гипотез в том, что они подходят только для объяснения формирования гор из складчатых пород на континентальных окраинах. Многие обусловливают вертикальные поднятия боковым сжатием, но вертикальные поднятия и сами по себе могут формировать горы.</p><p>Неотектонический период очень существенен для геоморфологии, климатологии и глобальной тектоники. Он не увязывается с общепринятыми геоморфологическими теориями, такими как циклы эрозии Дэвиса или Кинга. Неотектонические поднятия могли вызвать несколько циклов эрозии, но большинство поверхностей выравнивания значительно древнее неотектонической эпохи. Растущий рельеф, ассоциирующийся с неотектоническим поднятием, повлиял на темпы денудации и осадконакопления, а также на климат позднего кайнозоя.</p><p>Неотектонический период не согласуется с теорией плитотектоники, которая объясняет образование гор сжатием на активных окраинах континентов. Согласно ей горы в других районах созданы аналогичными процессами в более древние эпохи, но это не объясняет молодой возраст горных поднятий во внутриконтинентальных районах и на пассивных окраинах континентов. Субдукцией, которая как предполагается длится сотни миллионов лет, невозможно объяснить поднятия, происходящие по всему миру в последние несколько миллионов лет.</p><p>Геоморфологи должны руководствоваться только результатами собственных исследований, а не теоретическими построениями, исходящими из коллизии литосферных плит или гипотез эволюции рельефа.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Mountains are topographic features caused by erosion after vertical uplift or ‘mountain building’. Mountain building is often confused with ‘orogeny’, which today means the formation of structures in fold belts. The common assumption that folding and mountain building go together is generally untrue. Many mountains occur in unfolded rocks, granites and volcanic rocks, so there is no direct association of folding and mountain building. In those places where mountains are underlain by folded rocks the folding pre-dates planation and uplift. The age of mountains is therefore not the age of the last folding (if any) but the age of vertical uplift. Since mountains are not restricted to folded rocks, lateral compression is not required to explain the uplift.</p><p>A compilation of times of uplift of mountains around the world shows that a major phase of tectonic uplift started about 6 Ma, and much uplift occurred in the last 2 Ma. This period is known as the Neotectonic Period. It is a global phenomenon including mountains on passive continental margins, and those in deep continental interiors. Several hypotheses of mountain building have problems with this timing. Some fail by being only able to make mountains out of folded rock at continental margins. Many translate the vertical uplift into lateral compression, but vertical uplift alone can create mountains.</p><p>The Neotectonic Period has important implications for geomorphology, climate and global tectonics. In geomorphology it does not fit into conventional theories of geomorphology such as Davisian or King cycles of erosion. Neotectonic uplift might initiate several cycles of erosion, but most planation surfaces are much older than the Neotectonic Period. The increasing relief associated with Neotectonic uplift affected rates of erosion and sedimentation, and also late Cenozoic climate.</p><p>The Neotectonic Period does not fit within plate tectonics theory, in which mountains are explained as a result of compression at active margins: mountains in other locations are said to have been caused by the same process but further back in time. This is disproved by the young age of uplift of mountains in intercontinental and passive margin positions. Subduction is supposed to have been continuous for hundreds of millions of years, so fails to explain the world-wide uplifts in just a few million years.</p><p>Geomorphologists should be guided by their own findings, and refrain from theory-driven hypotheses of plate collision or landscape evolution.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>неотектоника</kwd><kwd>орогенез</kwd><kwd>складчатость</kwd><kwd>поверхность выравнивания</kwd><kwd>тектоника литосферных плит</kwd><kwd>пассивные континентальные окраины</kwd><kwd>великие уступы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neotectonics</kwd><kwd>orogeny</kwd><kwd>passive continental margins</kwd><kwd>folding</kwd><kwd>planation surface</kwd><kwd>plate tectonics</kwd><kwd>passive continental margins</kwd><kwd>Great Escarpments</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbott, L. D., Silver, E. 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