geomorfГеоморфология и палеогеографияGeomorfologiya i Paleogeografiya2949-17892949-179710.31857/S0435428121030081geomorf-1555Research ArticleСтатьиArticleМорская биогеоморфология: биогенная трансформация морских донных ландшафтовМarine biogeomorphology: biotic transformation of marine bottom landformsМокиевскийВ. О.MokievskyV. O.

Москва

Moscow

vadim@ocean.ruИнститут океанологии им. П.П. Ширшова РАНРоссияShirshov Institute of oceanologyRussian Federation202112102021523Геоморфология323Copyright © Мокиевский В.О., 20212021Мокиевский В.О.Mokievsky V.O.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://geomorphology.igras.ru/jour/article/view/1555

Биогенная трансформация подводных ландшафтов – один из ведущих факторов, определяющих современный облик дна. Задача морской биогеоморфологии – изучение всех аспектов биологической модификации геоморфологических процессов, т.е. описание, систематизация и количественная оценка влияния биоты на формирование донного рельефа. В обзоре систематизированы и кратко охарактеризованы основные виды воздействия морских организмов на геоморфологические процессы. Живые организмы создают биогенные структуры и материал для донных отложений, изменяют рельеф, физические и химические свойства донных отложений и коренных пород, участвуют в разрушении пород на морском дне (от илов до базальтов), переносе и перераспределении материала на дне и в придонном слое; они способны переводить растворенный в воде кальций и кремний в нерастворимые (или слабо растворимые) карбонаты и силикаты. Примером биогенных сооружений служат рифы – коралловые и созданные многощетинковыми червями, мидиевые и устричные банки. Животные создают не только положительные, но и отрицательные формы рельефа, размеры которых могут превышать десятки метров, а время существования – недели и даже месяцы: ямы, канавы, воронки на поверхности дна – следы питания самых разных животных: моржей, черепах, китов, скатов и др. Микро- и макроорганизмы формируют глубокие ниши вблизи уреза воды (биокарст). Мангры, водоросли-макрофиты и морские травы защищают дно от размыва, а породы на дне от выветривания, работают как седиментационные ловушки, в которых накапливаются тонкие фракции осадка. Рыбы переносят материал с рифа в лагуну. Водоросли-макрофиты за счет парусности могут переносить валуны и гальку на большие расстояния (“рафтинг”). Многие виды двустворчатых моллюсков и другие фильтраторы пропускают через себя большие объемы воды, отсеивая из нее минеральную взвесь. Вертикальное перемещение (биотурбация) осадков роющими грунт червеобразными животными и уплотнение грунта ими (биостабилизация) изменяют физические свойства донных осадков. Один и тот же вид часто играет противоположные роли – увеличивает прочность осадка или уменьшает ее. Многообразие и разнонаправленность биологических процессов затрудняют выявление вклада биоты в геоморфологические процессы и их количественную оценку. За некоторыми исключениями пространственный масштаб деятельности единичных организмов редко превышает первые сантиметры. Заметной становится только совокупная деятельность многих совместно обитающих организмов. Практические приложения биогеоморфологии связаны с разработкой мер для берегоукрепления и защиты берегов.

Biogenic transformation is one of the leading factors responsible for the state of the modern sea bottom. The goal of marine biogeomprphology is to understand all of the processes responsible for biological modification of the sea bottom. This review includes description, classification and quantitative analysis of the influence of biota on the sea bottom landscapes. The living organisms create biogenic structures and marine sediments, change bottom landscape, and physical and chemical properties of sediments and bedrock. They participate in biological weathering, redistribution of sediments at the sea bottom and within the near-bottom layer, convert dissolved calcium and silica into stable carbonates and silicates. Examples of marine biogenic forms include coral and polycaetes reefs, mussel and oyster banks. The organisms create both, positive and negative marine landform that may reach 10 and more meters in size. Borrows, holes, ditches, funnels created by walruses, turtles, whales, scouts etc. may persist on the bottom from weeks to months. Micro and macro organisms create notches at the sea level (bio-karst). Mangroves, algae and seagrass protect sea bottom from erosion and trap fine grain sediments. Fish transport sediments from reefs to lagoons. Macrophyte algae are capable to move cobbles and pebble size material to long distances (rafting). Many bivalve mollusks and other filter feeder organisms sieve mineralogic fraction filtering large volumes of water. Bioturbation performed by borrowing worms change physical and chemical properties, stabilize and compact marine sediments. The same species of organisms may both, increase and decrease strength properties of marine sediments. Diversity and variability of biological processes obstruct the understanding and quantitative assessment of the role of biota in geomorphological processes. With rare exceptions, the impact of single organisms on marine landscape is limited to a few cm, but integrated activities of organisms within the same habitat are causing noticeable changes. Practical applications of biogeomorphology are particularly useful in developing measures to protect coast from erosion.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.