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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">geomorf</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Геоморфология и палеогеография</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Geomorfologiya i Paleogeografiya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2949-1789</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-1797</issn><publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S2949178923010085</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">geomorf-1642</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные сообщения</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Short communications</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экспериментальная оценка механизма размыва в начальной стадии формирования оврага</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental estimate of erosion mechanism at the early stage of gully formation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0979-8007</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ларионов</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Larionov</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">larionov425@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краснов</surname><given-names>С. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnov</surname><given-names>S. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">skras@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвин</surname><given-names>Л. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvin</surname><given-names>L. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">leo-lit@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3694-3919</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горобец</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorobets</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">GorobetsAV@geogr.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кобыльченко (Куксина)</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kobylchenko (Kuksina)</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">ludmilakuksina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крючков</surname><given-names>Н. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kriuchkov</surname><given-names>N. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">nrkruychkov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова, географический факультет, Москва<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography, Moscow<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова, факультет почвоведения, Москва<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University, Soil Science Faculty, Moscow<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>54</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>97</fpage><lpage>104</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ларионов Г.А., Краснов С.Ф., Литвин Л.Ф., Горобец А.В., Кобыльченко (Куксина) Л.В., Крючков Н.Р., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ларионов Г.А., Краснов С.Ф., Литвин Л.Ф., Горобец А.В., Кобыльченко (Куксина) Л.В., Крючков Н.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Larionov G.A., Krasnov S.F., Litvin L.F., Gorobets A.V., Kobylchenko (Kuksina) L.V., Kriuchkov N.R.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://geomorphology.igras.ru/jour/article/view/1642">https://geomorphology.igras.ru/jour/article/view/1642</self-uri><abstract><p>В работе излагаются результаты и теоретическое обоснование экспериментального исследования механизма и интенсивности размыва в начальной стадии формирования вершин оврагов. Экспериментальная струйная установка позволяет изменять угол атаки струи от 0.5 до 90° при скоростях истечения до 6 м/с. Угол атаки в опытах изменялся с шагом в 10°, скорость течения выдерживалась в диапазоне 1.01–1.04 м/с. Зависимость интенсивности размыва грунта от угла атаки струи характеризуется положительным трендом в диапазоне от нуля до 40°. При более высоких значениях (в диапазоне углов от 50 до 90°) интенсивность последовательно снижается. Наиболее низкие абсолютные значения наблюдались при угле атаки 90°. Предполагаются две основные причины специфики изменения интенсивности размыва почвы и грунта при различных углах атаки потока – гидратационная и гидромеханическая. Первая обусловливает ослабление и разрушение межагрегатных связей проникающей в грунт водой, вторая – сочетанием направления сил гидродинамического напора и сил, удерживающих частицу (агрегат) на месте. Анализ сил, воздействующих на отдельную частицу грунта падающей струей, показывает максимум этого воздействия при угле атаки 41°. Сток в руслах оврагов происходит эпизодически и полученные результаты следует относить к начальному периоду размыва – периоду до образования так называемой воронки размыва.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article presents results of experiment and its theoretical justification aimed to study the mechanism and intensity of the early stage of gully head formation. The experiment was carried out using the jet installation that allows to change the angle of the water stream from 0.5 to 90° with the flow velocity of up to 6 m/s. The flow angle was changed with a 10° step, while the flow velocity was maintained in the range of 1.01–1.04 m/s. The intensity of soil erosion positively correlates with the flow angles (angles of attack) in the range from zero up to 40°. When the angle was increased to 50–90°, the intensity continuously declined. The lowest absolute values of erosion intensity were observed when the water flow was normal to the soil surface. There are two main reasons why the intensity of soil erosion changes with changing angle of stream flow; the first is hydraulic, the second is hydro-mechanical. The former determines weakening and destruction of inter-aggregate bonds by the water penetrating into the soil; the latter – by the combined vectors of forces of hydrodynamic head and forces keeping the particle (aggregate) in place. The experiment showed that the maximum impact of water jet on a separate soil particle occur at angle of 41°. The flow in a gully happens occasionally and the results obtained should be attributed to the early stage of erosion: the stage before formation of a so called gully headcut.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вершинные уступы</kwd><kwd>скорость размыва</kwd><kwd>струйная установка</kwd><kwd>угол атаки</kwd><kwd>гидратация</kwd><kwd>гидродинамика размыва</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gully headcut</kwd><kwd>erosion rate</kwd><kwd>jet installation</kwd><kwd>angle of attack</kwd><kwd>hydration</kwd><kwd>washout hydrodynamics</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование выполнено за счет гранта РНФ № 22-27-00316, https://rscf.ru/project/22-27-00316. При подготовке модельных образцов использовалась инфраструктура научно-исследовательской лаборатории эрозии почв и русловых процессов имени Н.И. Маккавеева МГУ в рамках темы по госзаданию (№ 121051100166-4)</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The study was performed within the framework of the grant of the Russian Science Foundation No. 22-27-00316, https://rscf.ru/en/project/22-27-00316/. The preparation of model samples involved the infrastructure of the Makkaveev Research Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Fluvial Processes, Lomonosov Moscow State University within the framework of the state assignment No. 121051100166-4</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арманд Д.Л. (1948). Обзор экспериментальных методов в геоморфологии // Проблемы физической географии. Т. XIII. М.–Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, С. 37–58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armand D.L. Revue of experimental methods in geomorphology. Problemy fizicheskoi geografii. 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