geomorfГеоморфология и палеогеографияGeomorfologiya i Paleogeografiya2949-17892949-179710.31857/S2949178923020032geomorf-2502Research ArticleИстория развития рельефаЛёссообразование в Новой Зеландии в последнюю ледниковую эпоху и в современных условияхLoess formation in New Zealand during the last glacial epoch and under modern conditionshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1728-7610БорисоваО. К.BorisovaO. K.olgakborisova@gmail.comИнститут географии РАН, МоскваРоссияInstitute of Geography RAS, MoscowRussian Federation2023120420235426179Copyright © Борисова О.К., 20232023Борисова О.К.Borisova O.K.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://geomorphology.igras.ru/jour/article/view/2502

Основные территории развития позднеплейстоценовых лёссов расположены во внутриконтинентальных областях Северного полушария, поэтому существование лёссов в таком регионе с господством умеренного морского климата, как Новая Зеландия, представляет несомненный научный интерес. Проведен анализ геолого-геоморфологических, палеогеографических и геохронологических данных о распространении, строении и условиях формирования лёссов в Новой Зеландии в позднем плейстоцене. Исследование показало, что в Новой Зеландии, как и в других регионах умеренных широт Южного полушария, накопление лёссов происходило преимущественно в холодные фазы последнего климатического макроцикла: 1) в раннем пленигляциале, 80 (75)–(60) 55 тыс. л. н.; 2) в похолодания внутри МИС 3, 45–40 тыс. л. н. на Южном острове и 40–30 тыс. л. н. с пиком около 30 тыс. л. н. на Северном острове; 3) в позднем пленигляциале, с 25 до 17–12 тыс. кал. л. н. Сопоставление этих этапов с результатами исследований ледовых кернов из Антарктиды показывает их тесную связь с глобальными климатическими изменениями. Статья содержит обзор данных о современных условиях развития эоловых процессов и образования лёссовидных отложений в Новой Зеландии. Современные проявления эоловых процессов в Новой Зеландии сосредоточены в пределах геоморфологически активных территорий – в долинах рек с ледниковым питанием и обилием рыхлых наносов, в районах распространения береговых песчаных дюн и на тех территориях, где нарушения растительности и почв оставляют поверхностные слои неконсолидированных отложений доступными для ветровой эрозии. Широкомасштабное антропогенное воздействие (уничтожение лесов; нарушение сплошности травянистого покрова из-за интенсивного выпаса скота, в особенности овец; распашка склонов с легкими слабо связными почвами и т.п.) в значительной степени сближает современные межледниковые условия развития эоловых процессов в Новой Зеландии с перигляциальными.

The main territories for the development of Late Pleistocene loess are located in the inland regions of the Northern Hemisphere, so the very existence of loess in New Zealand, a region with a temperate maritime climate, is of undoubted scientific interest. The analysis of geological, geomorphological, paleogeographical and geochronological data on the distribution, structure and formation conditions of loess in New Zealand in the Late Pleistocene has been carried out. The study showed that in New Zealand, as in other regions of the temperate latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, the accumulation of loess occurred mainly in the cold phases of the last climatic macrocycle: in the Early Pleniglacial, 80 (75)–(60) 55 ka BP; (2) during cooling within MIS 3, 45–40 ka BP on the South Island and 40–30 ka BP, with a peak of about 30 ka BP, on the North Island; (3) in the Late Pleniglacial, from 25 to 17–12 cal ka BP. Comparison of these stages with the Antarctica ice cores data shows their close relationship with global climate change. The article reviews data on the current conditions for the development of eolian processes and the formation of loess-like deposits in New Zealand. In contemporary conditions, eolian processes in New Zealand are concentrated within geomorphologically active territories, e. g. in river valleys with glacier feeding and an abundance of loose sediments, in areas with widespread coastal sand dunes, and in those territories where vegetation and soil disturbances promote wind erosion of the surface layers of unconsolidated sediments. Large-scale anthropogenic impact (destruction of forests, disruption of the herbaceous cover due to intensive grazing of livestock, especially sheep, ploughing of slopes on light weakly cohesive soils, etc.) to some extent makes the present interglacial conditions for the development of eolian processes in New Zealand similar to periglacial ones.

Северный островЮжный остров"пепловые""флювиальные" и "гляциальные" лёссысовременные эоловые процессыNorth IslandSouth Island“ash”“fluvial” and “glacial” loessescontemporary eolian processesИсследования проведены в рамках темы Государственного задания Института географии РАН № FMGE-2019-0005This research was funded by the State Task no. FMGE-2019-0005 of the Institute of Geography RAReferencesБорисова О.К. (2008). Ландшафтно-климатические изменения в умеренных широтах Северного и Южного полушарий за последние 130 000 лет. М: ГЕОС, 264 с.Alloway B.V., Lowe D.J., Barrell D.J.A. et al. (2007). Towards a climate event stratigraphy for New Zealand over the past 30000 years (NZ-INTIMATE project). Journal of Quaternary Science. Vol. 22. P. 9–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1079Борисова О.К. (2007). Ледниковая эпоха позднего плейстоцена в умеренных широтах Южного полушария: ландшафтно-климатические особенности и хронология основных событий // Известия РАН. Серия географическая. № 3. С. 96–106.Alloway B.V., Stewart R.B., Neall V.E., Vucetich C.G. (1992). Climate of the last glaciation in New Zealand, based on aerosolic quartz influx in an andesitic terrain. Quaternary Research. Vol. 38. P. 170–179. http://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(92)90054-MВеличко А.А., Морозова Т.Д. (2009). Лёссовый покров в позднем плейстоцене // Палеоклиматы и палеоландшафты внетропического пространства Северного полушария. Поздний плейстоцен – голоцен. М.: ГЕОС, 120 с.Almond P.C. (1996). Loess, soil stratigraphy and Aokautere Ash on late Pleistocene surfaces in south Westland, New Zealand: interpretation and correlation with the glacial stratigraphy. Quaternary International. Vol. 34–36. P. 163–176. http://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(95)00081-XДинамика ландшафтных компонентов и внутренних морских бассейнов Северной Евразии за последние 130000 лет / А.А. Величко. (2002). М.: ГЕОС, 231 с.Almond P.C., Gulyás S., Sümegi P. et al. (2020). Palaeoenvironmental record of the Southern Hemisphere last glacial maximum from the Mount Cass loess section, North Canterbury, Aotearoa/New Zealand. Quaternary Research. Vol. 102. P. 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.95Исаченко А.Г., Шляпников А.А. (1989). Природа мира. Ландшафты. М.: Мысль, 504 с.Almond P.C., Moar N.T., Lian O.B. (2001). Reinterpretation of the glacial chronology of South Westland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 44. P. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2001.9514917Котляков В.М., Лориус К. (2000). Четыре климатических цикла по данным ледяного керна из глубокой скважины на станции Восток в Антарктиде // Известия РАН. Серия географическая. № 1. С. 7–19.Ballance P.F., Williams P.W. (1982). The geomorphology of Auckland and Northland. Landforms of New Zealand (Eds. Basher L.R., Painter D.J.). Auckland: Longman Paul, P. 127–146.Рухин Л.Б. (1969). Основы литологии. Учение об осадочных породах. Л.: Недра, 703 с.Berger G.W., Pillans B.J., Tonkin P.J. (2001). Luminescence chronology of loess-paleosol sequences from Canter-bury region, South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 44. P. 501–516. http://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2001.9514952Alloway B.V., Lowe D.J., Barrell D.J.A. et al. (2007). Towards a climate event stratigraphy for New Zealand over the past 30 000 years (NZ-INTIMATE project) // Journal of Quaternary Science. Vol. 22. P. 9–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1079Berger G.W., Tonkin P.J., Pillans B.J. (1996). Thermoluminescence dating of loess, Rakaia River, South Island, New Zealand. Quaternary International. Vol. 34–36. P. 177–181. http://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(95)00082-8Alloway B.V., Stewart R.B., Neall V.E., Vucetich C.G. (1992). Climate of the last glaciation in New Zealand, based on aerosolic quartz influx in an andesitic terrain // Quaternary Research. Vol. 38. P. 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(92)90054-MBorisova O.K. (2008). Landshaftno-klimaticheskie izmeneniya v umerennykh shirotakh Severnogo i Yuzhnogo polusharii za poslednie 130 000 let (Landscape and climatic changes in the temperate latitudes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres over the past 130,000 years). Moscow: GEOS (Publ.), 264 p. (in Russ.)Almond P.C. (1996). Loess, soil stratigraphy and Aokautere Ash on late Pleistocene surfaces in south Westland, New Zealand: interpretation and correlation with the glacial stratigraphy // Quaternary International. Vol. 34–36. P. 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(95)00081-XBorisova O.K. (2007). Late Pleistocene glacial epoch in the temperate latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere: landscape and climatic features and chronology of the main events. Izvestiya RAN. Seriya geograficheskaya. No. 3. P. 96–106. (in Russ.)Almond P.C., Gulyás S., Sümegi P. et al. (2020). Palaeoenvironmental record of the Southern Hemisphere last glacial maximum from the Mount Cass loess section, North Canterbury, Aotearoa/New Zealand // Quaternary Research. Vol. 102. P. 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.95Chinn T.J.H. (1979). How wet is the wettest of the wet West Coast? New Zealand Alpine Journal. Vol. 32. P. 85–87.Almond P.C., Moar N.T., Lian O.B. (2001). Reinterpretation of the glacial chronology of South Westland, New Zealand // New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 44. P. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2001.9514917Cowie J.D. (1963). Dune-building phases in the Manawatu District, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 6. P. 268–280. http://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1963.10420083Atlas of paleoclimates and paleoenvironments of the Northern Hemisphere: Late Pleistocene – Holocene (Eds. Frenzel B., Pesci M., Velichko A.A.). (1992). Budapest; Stuttgart; New York: G. Fischer, 146 p.Cowie J.D. (1964). Loess in the Manawatu District, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 7. P. 389–396. http://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1964.10420185Ballance P.F., Williams P.W. (1982). The geomorphology of Auckland and Northland // Landforms of New Zealand (Eds. Basher L.R., Painter D.J.). Auckland: Longman Paul, P. 127–146.Denton G.H., Heusser C.J., Lowell T.V. et al. (1999). Interhemispheric linkages of paleoclimate during the last glaciation. Geografiska Annaler. Vol. 81A. Iss. 2. P. 107–153.Berger G.W., Pillans B.J., Tonkin P.J. (2001). Luminescence chronology of loess-paleosol sequences from Canterbury region, South Island, New Zealand // New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 44. P. 501–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2001.9514952Eden D., Froggatt P.C. (1988). Identification and stratigraphic significance of distal Aokautere Ash in three loess cores from eastern South Island, New Zealand. Loess: its Distribution, Geology and Soils (Eds. Eden D.N., Furkert R.J.). Rotterdam: Balkema, P. 47–58.Berger G.W., Tonkin P.J., Pillans B.J. (1996). Thermoluminescence dating of loess, Rakaia River, South Island, New Zealand // Quaternary International. Vol. 34–36. P. 177–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(95)00082-8Eden D., Froggatt P.C., McIntoch P. (1992). The distribution and composition of volcanic glass in late Quaternary loess deposits of southern South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 35. P. 69–79. http://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1992.9514501Chinn T.J.H. (1979). How wet is the wettest of the wet West Coast? // New Zealand Alpine Journal. Vol. 32. P. 85–87.Eden D.N., Hammond A.P. (2003). Dust accumulation in the New Zealand region since the last glacial maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 22 (18–19). P. 2037–2052. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00168-9Cowie J.D. (1963). Dune-building phases in the Manawatu District, New Zealand // New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 6. P. 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1963.10420083Eger A., Almond P.C., Condron L.M. (2010). Quantifying the soil- and ecosystem-rejuvenating effects of loess in a high leaching environment, West Coast, New Zealand. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World, 1–6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia. P. 33–36. Published on DVD. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267991879Cowie J.D. (1964). Loess in the Manawatu District, New Zealand // New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 7. P. 389–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1964.10420185Fagg R., Smalley I. (2019). Loess in New Zealand: Observations by Haast, Hutton, Hardcastle, Wild and Speight, 1878–1948. Quaternary International. Vol. 502 (A). P. 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.01.029Denton G.H., Heusser C.J., Lowell T.V. et al. (1999). Interhemispheric linkages of paleoclimate during the last glaciation // Geografiska Annaler. Vol. 81A. Iss. 2. P. 107–153.Fleming C.A. (1972). The contribution of 14C dates to the Quaternary geology of the ‘Golden Coast’ western Wellington. Tuatara. Vol. 19. P. 61–69.Eden D., Froggatt P.C. (1988). Identification and stratigraphic significance of distal Aokautere Ash in three loess cores from eastern South Island, New Zealand // Loess: its Distribution, Geology and Soils (Eds. Eden D.N., Furkert R.J.). Rotterdam: Balkema, P. 47–58.Formento-Trigilio M.L., Burbank D., Nicol A. et al. (2003). River response to an active fold-and-thrust belt in a convergent margin setting, North Island, New Zealand. Geomorphology. Vol. 49. P. 125–152. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00167-8Eden D.N., Hammond A.P. (2003). Dust accumulation in the New Zealand region since the last glacial maximum // Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 22 (18–19). P. 2037–2052. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00168-9Frenzel B., Pesci M., Velichko A.A. (Eds.). (1992). Atlas of paleoclimates and paleoenvironments of the Northern Hemisphere: Late Pleistocene – Holocene. Budapest; Stuttgart; New York: G. Fischer, 146 p.Eden D., Froggatt P.C., McIntoch P. (1992). The distribution and composition of volcanic glass in late Quaternary loess deposits of southern South Island, New Zealand // New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 35. P. 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1992.9514501Froggatt P.C., Lowe D.J. (1990). A review of late Quaternary silicic and some other tephra formations from New Zealand: their stratigraphy, nomenclature, distribution, volume, and age. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 33. No. 1. P. 89–109. http://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1990.10427576Eger A., Almond P.C., Condron L.M. (2010). Quantifying the soil- and ecosystem-rejuvenating effects of loess in a high leaching environment, West Coast, New Zealand // 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World, 1–6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia. P. 33–36. Published on DVD. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267991879Hesse P.P. (1994). The record of continental dust from Australia in Tasman Sea sediments. Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 13. P. 257–272. http://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(94)90029-9Fagg R., Smalley I. (2019). Loess in New Zealand: Observations by Haast, Hutton, Hardcastle, Wild and Speight, 1878–1948 // Quaternary International. Vol. 502 (A). P. 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.01.029Heusser L.E., van de Geer G. (1994). Direct correlation of terrestrial and marine paleoclimatic records from four glacial-interglacial cycles – DSDP site 594 SW Pacific. Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 13: 273–282. http://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(94)90030-2Fleming C.A. (1972). The contribution of 14C dates to the Quaternary geology of the ‘Golden Coast’ western Wellington // Tuatara. Vol. 19. P. 61–69.Imbrie J., Hays J.D., Martinson D.G. et al. (1984). The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: support from a revised chronology of the marine δ18O record. Milankovitch and Climate. Part 1. NATO ASI Series C (Eds. Berger A., Imbrie J., Hays J. et al.). Vol. 126. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, P. 269–305.Formento-Trigilio M.L., Burbank D., Nicol A. et al. (2003). River response to an active fold-and-thrust belt in a convergent margin setting, North Island, New Zealand // Geomorphology. Vol. 49. P. 125–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00167-8Isachenko A.G., Shlyapnikov A.A. (1989). Priroda mira. Landshafty (The nature of the world. Landscapes.). M.: Mysl’ (Publ.), 504 p.Froggatt P.C., Lowe D.J. (1990). A review of late Quaternary silicic and some other tephra formations from New Zealand: their stratigraphy, nomenclature, distribution, volume, and age // New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 33. No. 1. P. 89–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1990.10427576Koffman B.G., Goldstein S.L., Winckler G. et al. (2021). New Zealand as a source of mineral dust to the atmosphere and ocean. Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 251. 106659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106659Hesse P.P. (1994). The record of continental dust from Australia in Tasman Sea sediments // Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 13. P. 257–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(94)90029-9Kotlyakov V.M., Lorius K. (2000). Four climatic cycles according to ice core data from a deep well at Vostok station in Antarctica. Izvestiya RAN. Seriya geograficheskaya. No. 1. P. 7–19. (in Russ.)Heusser L.E., van de Geer G. (1994). Direct correlation of terrestrial and marine paleoclimatic records from four glacial-interglacial cycles – DSDP site 594 SW Pacific // Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 13: 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(94)90030-2Marra M.J., Smith E.G.C., Shulmeister J., Leschen R. (2004). Late Quaternary climate change in the Awatere Valley, South Island, New Zealand using a sine model with a maximum likelihood envelope on fossil beetle data. Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 23. P. 1637–1650. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.01.007Imbrie J., Hays J.D., Martinson D.G. et al. (1984). The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: support from a revised chronology of the marine δ18O record // Milankovitch and Climate. Part 1. NATO ASI Series C (Eds. Berger A., Imbrie J., Hays J., Kukla G., and Saltzman B.). Vol. 126. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, P. 269–305.Marshall P. (1903). Dust storms in New Zealand. Nature. Vol. 68. P. 223. http://doi.org/10.1038/068223a0Koffman B.G., Goldstein S.L., Winckler G. et al. (2021). New Zealand as a source of mineral dust to the atmosphere and ocean // Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 251. 106659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106659McCraw J.D. (1975). Quaternary airfall deposits in New Zealand. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin. Vol. 13. P. 35–44.Landscape and Quaternary environmental change in New Zealand (Ed. Shulmeister J.). (2016). Springer: Atlantis Press, 334 p.McGlone M.S. (2001). A late Quaternary pollen record from marine core P69, southeastern North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 44. P. 69–77. http://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2001.9514923Marra M.J., Smith E.G.C., Shulmeister J., Leschen R. (2004). Late Quaternary climate change in the Awatere Valley, South Island, New Zealand using a sine model with a maximum likelihood envelope on fossil beetle data // Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 23. P. 1637–1650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.01.007McGlone M.S. (1988). New Zealand. Vegetation History (Eds. Huntley B., Webb III T.). Dordrecht, Boston, London, Kluwer Acad. Publ., P. 557–599.Marshall P. (1903). Dust storms in New Zealand // Nature. V. 68. P. 223. https://doi.org/10.1038/068223a0McGlone M.S., Salinger M.J., Moar N.T. (1993). Paleovegetation studies of New Zealand since the Last Glacial Maximum. Global climates since the last glacial maximum (Eds. Wright H.E., Kutzbach J.E., Ruddiman W.F., Street-Perrott F.A., and Bartlein P.J.). Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, P. 294–317.McCraw J.D. (1975). Quaternary airfall deposits in New Zealand // Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin. Vol. 13. P. 35–44.McGowan H.A. (1996). The weather of windblown sediment: Aeolian processes within the New Zealand landscape. Weather and Climate. Vol. 16. No. 1. P. 3–16. http://doi.org/10.2307/44279890McGlone M.S. (2001). A late Quaternary pollen record from marine core P69, southeastern North Island, New Zealand // New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 44. P. 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2001.9514923Milne J.D.G., Smalley I.J. (1979). Loess deposits in the southern part of the North Island of New Zealand: an outline stratigraphy. Acta Geologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Vol. 22. P. 197–204.McGlone M.S. (1988). New Zealand // Vegetation History (Eds. Huntley B., Webb III T.). Dordrecht, Boston, London, Kluwer Acad. Publ., P. 557–599.Nelson C.S., Hendy I.L., Neil H.L. et al. (2000). Last glacial jetting of cold waters through the Subtropical Convergence zone in the Southwest Pacific off eastern New Zealand, and some geological implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Vol. 156. P. 103–121. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00134-0McGlone M.S., Salinger M.J., Moar N.T. (1993). Paleovegetation studies of New Zealand since the Last Glacial Maximum // Global climates since the last glacial maximum (Eds. Wright H.E., Kutzbach J.E., Ruddiman W.F.). Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, P. 294–317.Newnham R.M., Lowe D.J., Williams P.W. (1999). Quaternary environmental change in New Zealand: a review. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment. Vol. 23. P. 567–610. http://doi.org/10.1177/030913339902300406McGowan H.A. (1996). The weather of windblown sediment: Aeolian processes within the New Zealand landscape // Weather and Climate. Vol. 16. № 1. P. 3–16. https://doi.org/10.2307/44279890Norton D.A., McGIone M.S., Wigley T.M.L. (1986). Quantitative analyses of modern pollen/climate relationships in New Zealand indigenous forests. New Zealand Journal of Botany. Vol. 24. P. 331–342. http://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1986.10412681Milne J.D.G., Smalley I.J. (1979). Loess deposits in the southern part of the North Island of New Zealand: an outline stratigraphy // Acta Geologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Vol. 22. P. 197–204.Ono Y., Shulmeister J., Lehmkuhl F. et al. (2004). Timings and causes of glacial advances across the PEP-II transect (East-Asia to Antarctica) during the last glaciation cycle. Quaternary International. Vol. 118–119. P. 55–68. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00130-7Nelson C.S., Hendy I.L., Neil H.L. et al. (2000). Last glacial jetting of cold waters through the Subtropical Convergence zone in the Southwest Pacific off eastern New Zealand, and some geological implications // Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Vol. 156. P. 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00134-0Palmer A.S., Pillans B.J. (1996). Record of climatic fluctuations from ca. 500 ka: loess deposits and paleosols near Wanganui, New Zealand. Quaternary International. Vol. 34–36. P. 155–162. http://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(95)00080-1New Zealand Atlas (Ed. Wards I.). (1976). Wellington: Government Printer, 292 p.Palmer A.S., Vucetich C.G., McGlone M.S., Harper M.A. (1989). Last Glacial loess and Last Glacial vegetation of Wairarapa Valley. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 32. P. 499–513. http://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1989.10427557Newnham R.M., Lowe D.J., Williams P.W. (1999). Quaternary environmental change in New Zealand: a review // Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment. Vol. 23. P. 567–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339902300406Pillans B., McGlone M., Palmer A. et al. (1993). The Last Glacial Maximum in central and southern North Is-land, New Zealand: a paleoenvironmental reconstruction using the Kawakawa Tephra Formation as a chronostratigraphic marker. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Vol. 101. P. 283–304. http://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(93)90020-JNorton D.A., McGIone M.S., Wigley T.M.L. (1986). Quantitative analyses of modern pollen/climate relationships in New Zealand indigenous forests // New Zealand Journal of Botany. Vol. 24. P. 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1986.10412681Raeside J.D. (1964). Loess deposits of the South Island, New Zealand, and soils formed on them. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 7. No. 4. P. 811–838. http://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1964.10428132Ono Y., Shulmeister J., Lehmkuhl F. et al. (2004). Timings and causes of glacial advances across the PEP-II transect (East-Asia to Antarctica) during the last glaciation cycle // Quaternary International. Vol. 118–119. P. 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00130-7Rukhin L.B. (1969). Osnovy litologii. Uchenie ob osadochnykh porodakh (Fundamentals of lithology. The doctrine of sedimentary rocks). Leningrad: Nedra (Publ.), 703 p. (in Russ.)Palmer A.S., Pillans B.J. (1996). Record of climatic fluctuations from ca. 500 ka: loess deposits and paleosols near Wanganui, New Zealand // Quaternary International. Vol. 34–36. P. 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(95)00080-1Salter R.T. (1984). Wind erosion. Natural Hazards in New Zealand (Compilers I. Speden, M.J. Crozier). Wellington, New Zealand National Commission for Unesco, P. 206–248.Palmer A.S., Vucetich C.G., McGlone M.S., Harper M.A. (1989). Last Glacial loess and Last Glacial vegetation of Wairarapa Valley // New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 32. P. 499–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1989.10427557Shepherd M.J. (1985). The origin of the Koputaroa dunes, Horowhenua, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 28. P. 323–327. http://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1985.10422230Pillans B., McGlone M., Palmer A. et al. (1993). The Last Glacial Maximum in central and southern North Island, New Zealand: a paleoenvironmental reconstruction using the Kawakawa Tephra Formation as a chronostratigraphic marker // Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Vol. 101. P. 283–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(93)90020-JShulmeister J. (Ed.). (2016). Landscape and Quaternary environmental change in New Zealand. Springer: Atlantis Press, 334 p.Raeside J.D. (1964). Loess deposits of the South Island, New Zealand, and soils formed on them // New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 7. № 4. P. 811–838. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1964.10428132Shulmeister J., Goodwin I., Renwick J. et al. (2004). The Southern Hemisphere westerlies in the Australasian sector over the last glacial cycle: a synthesis. Quaternary International. Vol. 118–119. P. 23–53. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00129-0Salter R.T. (1984). Wind erosion // Natural Hazards in New Zealand (Compilers Speden I., Crozier M.J.). Wellington, New Zealand National Commission for Unesco, P. 206–248.Shulmeister J., Soons J.M., Berger G.W. et al. (1999). Environmental and sea level history of Banks Peninsula (Canterbury, New Zealand) through three glaciationinterglaciation cycles. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Vol. 152. P. 101–127. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00035-8Shepherd M.J. (1985). The origin of the Koputaroa dunes, Horowhenua, New Zealand // New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Vol. 28. P. 323–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1985.10422230Smalley I. (1995). Making the material: the formation of silt-sized primary mineral particles for loess deposits. Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 14. P. 645–651. http://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(95)00046-1Shulmeister J., Goodwin I., Renwick J. et al. (2004). The Southern Hemisphere westerlies in the Australasian sector over the last glacial cycle: a synthesis // Quaternary International. Vol. 118–119. P. 23–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00129-0Velichko A.A. (Ed.). (2002). Dinamika landshaftnykh komponentov i vnutrennikh morskikh basseinov Severnoi Evrazii za poslednie 130000 let (Dynamics of Landscape Components and Inland Marine Basins of Northern Eurasia over the Last 130,000 Years). Moscow: GEOS (Publ.), 232 p. (in Russ.)Shulmeister J., Soons J.M., Berger G.W. et al. (1999). Environmental and sea level history of Banks Peninsula (Canterbury, New Zealand) through three glaciationinterglaciation cycles // Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Vol. 152. P. 101–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00035-8Velichko A.A., Morozova T.D. (2009). Loess cover in the late Pleistocene. Paleoklimaty i paleolandshafty vnetropicheskogo prostranstva Severnogo polushariya. Pozdnii pleistotsen – golotsen. Moscow: GEOS (Publ.), 120 p. (in Russ.)Smalley I. (1995). Making the material: the formation of silt-sized primary mineral particles for loess deposits // Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 14. P. 645–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(95)00046-1Wang N., Lian O.B., Grapes R. (1998). Optical dating tests of loess, Southern North Island, New Zealand. Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication. Vol. 101A. 240 p.Wang N., Lian O.B., Grapes R. (1998). Optical dating tests of loess, Southern North Island, New Zealand // Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication. Vol. 101A. 240 p.Wards I. (Ed.). (1976). New Zealand Atlas. Wellington: Government Printer, 292 р.Williams P.W. (1991). Tectonic geomorphology, uplift rates and geomorphic response in New Zealand // Catena. Vol. 18. P. 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(91)90048-3Williams P.W. (1991). Tectonic geomorphology, uplift rates and geomorphic response in New Zealand. Catena. Vol. 18. P. 439–452. http://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(91)90048-3Wind erosion in New Zealand. (1997). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wind Erosion, Manhattan, Kansas, 3–5 June 1997. Manhattan: USDA-ARS. http://www.weru.ksu.edu/symposium/proceed.htm.Wind erosion in New Zealand. (1997). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wind Erosion, Manhattan, Kansas, 3–5 June 1997. Manhattan: USDA-ARS, http://www.weru.ksu.edu/symposium/proceed.htm.Wu Y., Roberts A.P., Grant K.M. et al. (2021). Climatically modulated dust inputs from New Zealand to the South-west Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean over the last 410 kyr // Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. Vol. 36 (5). e2020PA003949. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA003949Wu Y., Roberts A.P., Grant K.M. et al. (2021). Climatically modulated dust inputs from New Zealand to the South-west Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean over the last 410 kyr. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. Vol. 36 (5). e2020PA003949. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA003949Yates K., Fenton C. (2018). Preliminary investigation of the soil-water characteristics of loess soils in Canterbury, New Zealand // Proceedings IAEG/AEG Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California, Vol. 6. Springer, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93142-5_9Yates K., Fenton C. (2018). Preliminary investigation of the soil-water characteristics of loess soils in Canterbury, New Zealand. Proceedings IAEG/AEG Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California. Vol. 6. Springer, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93142-5_9Yates K., Fenton C.H., Bell D.H. (2018). A review of the geotechnical characteristics of loess and loess-derived soils from Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand // Engineering Geology. Vol. 236. P. 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.08.001Yates K., Fenton C.H., Bell D.H. (2018). A review of the geotechnical characteristics of loess and loess-derived soils from Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. Engineering Geology. Vol. 236. P. 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.08.001

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.