geomorfГеоморфология и палеогеографияGeomorfologiya i Paleogeografiya2949-17892949-179710.31857/S0435428122050030geomorf-3116Research ArticleПроблемы палеопочвоведения и геоархеологииProblems of palaeopedology and geoarchaeologyДинамика древесной растительности и антропогенная активность по данным анализа древесных углей из городищ раннего железного века и раннего средневековья на верхней ВолгеWoodland Dynamics and Human Activity Based on Charcoal Analysis from Hillforts of the Iron Age and Early Middle Ages in the Upper Volga RiverБобровскийМ. В.BobrovskyM. V.maxim.bobrovsky@gmail.comКуприяновД. А.KupriyanovD. A.dmitriykupriyanov1994@yandex.ruСмирновА. Л.SmirnovA. L.ari1828@bk.ruХанинаЛ. Г.KhaninaL. G.khanina.larisa@gmail.comДобровольскаяМ. В.DobrovolskayaM. V.mk_pa@mail.ruИнститут физико-химических и биологических проблем почвоведения РАН – обособленное подразделение ФИЦ “Пущинский научный центр биологических исследований РАН”, ПущиноРоссияInstitute of Physicoсhemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science of RAS, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of RAS, PushchinoRussian FederationМосковский государственный университета имени М.В. Ломоносова, географический факультет, Москва; Институт археологии РАН, МоскваРоссияLomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography, Moscow; c Institute of Archaeology RAS, MoscowRussian FederationИнститут археологии РАН, МоскваРоссияInstitute of Archaeology RAS, MoscowRussian FederationИнститут математических проблем биологии РАН, филиал Института имени Келдыша РАН, ПущиноРоссияInstitute of Mathematical Problems of Biology RAS, Branch of the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of RAS, PushchinoRussian Federation202213022023535724Copyright © Бобровский М.В., Куприянов Д.А., Смирнов А.Л., Ханина Л.Г., Добровольская М.В., 20232023Бобровский М.В., Куприянов Д.А., Смирнов А.Л., Ханина Л.Г., Добровольская М.В.Bobrovsky M.V., Kupriyanov D.A., Smirnov A.L., Khanina L.G., Dobrovolskaya M.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://geomorphology.igras.ru/jour/article/view/3116

Были исследованы угли в культурных слоях трех городищ, расположенных в верховьях р. Волги (Пеновский район Тверской области). Угли изучали в кернах и археологических шурфах. Характеристика культурных слоев городищ позволяет отнести их к палеоурбаноземам, “Archaeological Dark Earth” мощностью от 50 до 80 см. Возраст углей и археологические находки показали, что культурные слои городищ Заборовка-Лихуши и Ворошилово относятся к раннему железному веку (Дьяковская культура), а городища Руна-Заборовка – к раннему средневековью. Определены концентрация и таксономический состав углей в образцах, отобранных с разных глубин. Всего было определено 629 углей, относящихся к 13 родам древесных растений. На основе анализа углей из 12 датированных образцов дана оценка изменения таксономического состава деревьев во времени. Во все периоды доминировали древесные угли Pinus, за ними по числу следовала Picea; доли этих таксонов увеличивались от раннего железного века к позднему средневековью. Наибольшее число таксонов (9 родов) отмечено для раннего железного века, в том числе встречены Quercus, Ulmus и Acer. Информация, полученная в результате изучения древесного угля в почве, является ценным свидетельством присутствия таксонов деревьев на конкретной территории в определенные отрезки времени; позволяет воссоздать историю взаимодействия человека и древесной растительности в верховьях Волги.

Soil charcoals in cultural layers of three hillforts located in the upper Volga River (Peno District, Tver Region) were studied in soil cores and archaeological excavations. The characteristics of the cultural layers of the hillforts allow us to refer it to the category of Archaeological Dark Earth with a thickness from 50 to 80 cm. The age of charcoals and archaeological findings showed that the cultural layers of Zaborovka-Likhusha and Voroshilovo hillforts belong to the Early Iron Age (the Dyakovo culture) and Runa-Zaborovka hillfort belongs to the Early Middle Ages. A total of 629 charcoal fragments belonging to 13 woody genera were taxonomically identified. The charcoals of the 12 dated samples were evaluated for changes in the taxonomic composition over time. In all periods, Pinus charcoals dominated, followed by Picea; their proportions increased from the Early Iron Age to the High-Late Middle Ages. For the Early Iron Age, the largest number of taxa, 9 woody species, including Quercus, Ulmus, and Acer, was observed. The information obtained from the soil charcoal composition is a valuable evidence of the presence of tree taxa in a particular area at a particular time; it details the reconstruction of the history of vegetation in the upper Volga River. 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.