geomorfГеоморфология и палеогеографияGeomorfologiya i Paleogeografiya2949-17892949-179710.31857/S0435428122050182geomorf-3130Research ArticleФлювиальная геоморфологияProblems of Fluvial GeomorphologyСтроение и история формирования долин прорыва Верхней ВолгиUpper Volga’s incision valleys: geomorphological aspects and development historyУткинаА. О.UtkinaA. O.utkina@igras.ruПанинА. В.PaninA. V.Институт географии РАН, МоскваРоссияInstitute of Geography Russian Academy of Sciences, MoscowRussian Federation202214022023535162172Copyright © Уткина А.О., Панин А.В., 20232023Уткина А.О., Панин А.В.Utkina A.O., Panin A.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://geomorphology.igras.ru/jour/article/view/3130

Несмотря на длительную историю изучения, история формирования долины верхней Волги представляет предмет дискуссий. Согласно наиболее распространенной в литературе модели, в максимум последнего оледенения в бассейне верхней Волги возникла система приледниковых озер, и долина Волги образовалась лишь 14–15 тыс. л. н. после спуска этих озер в результате образования участков прорыва у нынешних городов Тутаева и Плеса. Чтобы проверить эту гипотезу, мы попытались определить механизм формирования и возраст долин прорыва, используя метод люминесцентного датирования. Кроме того, для оценки одного из возможных механизмов образования приледниковых озер мы использовали модель гляциоизостатических деформаций. В долине прорыва у г. Плёс нами была обнаружена речная терраса, датированная позднемосковско-микулинским временем, что доказывает, что долина намного старше предполагаемого валдайского возраста. В долине не было обнаружено никаких признаков озерных отложений, а моделирование не показало такого влияния гляциоизостатических деформаций на бассейн, которое могло бы привести к образованию приледниковых озер. В связи с этим можно предположить, что валдайских приледниковых озер в долине не существовало. По-видимому, предыдущими исследователями за озерные отложения принимались широко развитые на склонах и дне долины делювиальные суглинки и эоловые алевриты, которые, по данным нашего датирования, действительно относятся к эпохе последнего оледенения. По данным моделирования, в последнюю ледниковую эпоху на изучаемый участок приходится формирование компенсационного приледникового вала. Его высоты было недостаточно для подпруживания Волги, но уменьшение уклона долины должно было вызвать направленную аккумуляцию в реке, что подтверждается наличием низкой речной террасы соответствующего возраста. В позднеледниковье разрушение вала вызвало врезание реки. 

The evolution of the upstream part of the Volga River, the Upper Volga, is still uncertain. According to the most popular model, the river emerged after the MIS 2 proglacial lakes, supposedly formed in its basin, were drained 14.5 ka after the Plyos and Tutayev incision valleys formation. To test this hypothesis, we aimed to determine the mechanism of formation and age of the incision valleys using luminescence dating. Also, we used a GIA model to assess one of the possible ways of proglacial lakes formation. We found that the terrace located in the Plyos incision valley dates back to late MIS 6 – MIS 5, proving that the valley is much older than the proposed MIS 2 age. Since no evidence of limnic sediments were found in the valley and the modelling did not show a significant GIA influence on the basin that could lead to the proglacial lake formation, we can assume that the valley was not occupied by lake water in MIS 2. Apparently, previous researchers mistook various loams and silts, widely developed on the slopes and in the bottom of the valley, for MIS 2 lake sediments. According to our dating data, these sediments do date back to MIS 2, but are rather of slope and aeolian origin. Following our GIA modelling results, during MIS 2 the Upper Volga valley was affected by a glacial forebulge formation. Its height was not enough to dam up the Volga, but the forebulge relaxation process caused the valley slope to gradually decrease. Due to that accumulation followed, confirmed by the presence of a river terrace of an appropriate age. During late MIS 2, disappearance of the forebulge led the river to incise. 

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