Accumulative landforms in valleys with gas-hydrothermal manifestations (on the example of watercourses of some volcanic massifs in the Kuril-Kamchatka region)

Within the valleys of streams of geothermal zones, where manifestations of gas-hydrothermal activity are noted, the processes of relief formation are accompanied by chemical and thermal effects. It has been established that in the valleys of the rivers under consideration: 1) the formation of specific accumulative forms of micro- and mesorelief both in the channels and on slopes occurs, 2) there is a processing of alluvial deposits and bedrocks by hydrothermal solutions, which leads to a radical change in both their properties, and the features of fluvial processes; 3) the activation of slope processes with the formation of landslide bodies and rockslide masses is observed due to which in the bottoms there is an accumulation of displaced slope’s material, including redeposited by mudflows. Typification of accumulative relief forms, the formation of which is associated with gas-hydrothermal activity, within the river valleys of 4 volcanic massifs on the Kuril Islands (volcanoes Mendeleeva on Kunashir Is. and Baranskogo on Iturup Is.) and Kamchatka (volcanoes Mutnovsky and Uzon-Geysernaya caldera) was carried out. The main forms of accumulative micro- and mesorelief associated with various manifestations of gas-hydrothermal activity are highlighted; their characteristics are given, morphometric parameters are described. Typical processes in the valleys of geothermal zones are not only the formation of various sinter forms and the cementation of floodplain and terrace deposits in places where mineralized thermal springs emerge, but also are forming of rather large landslide terraces and blocking of watercourses with dams composed of slope’s and mudflow’s material. Under the influence of acidic solutions, active weathering of bedrocks and boulder-pebble material to clays can also occur. Often, the sediments that make up floodplains and terraces, morphologically looking like typical pebble alluvium, are in fact a clay mass and are easily washed away by surface waters. With the attenuation of gas-hydrothermal activity, landslide bodies and drip forms overgrow and morphologically look like ordinary river terraces.

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