Long-term dynamics of linear, areal and volumetric growth of ravines on the territory of Udmurtia

The Instrumental methods of studying linear, areal and volumetric growth of ravines on agricultural lands over the period from the early 2000s to 2021 are considered. The objects of the study include 6 ravines of various types (two the near-drainage divide, near-valley, top, bottom and floodplain), developing within 6 key areas, where their catchment areas are occupied mainly by plowed agricultural land. The purpose of the research is to identify the relationship between the linear, areal, and volumetric growth of ravines to their morphological and morphometric characteristics. The research methods included a geodetic survey of the top part of the ravines, their edges, thalwegs and transverse profiles using an electronic tachometer.

For most of the considered ravines, the maximum washouts were observed in 2001, when the linear headward retreat, areal, and volumetric varied within 13.8–21.8 m, (arithmetic average for the entire observation period was 0.68–3.45 m), from 25.1 to 436.7 m², (arithmetic mean – 11.12–109.02 m²), and from 398 to 3068 m³, (arithmetic mean – 27.52–889.80 m³), respectively. There were exceptions when linear increments had a maximum in 2011, for example, the near-drainage divide ravine No. 1 (2.3 m) and the top ravine No. 4 (3.25 m). For all types of ravines, the main statistical indicators of the values of linear, area and volume increments for the study period were calculated.

It was found that in most cases there is a clear dependence between the considered indicators, which is most typical for a floodplain ravine with a short (2013–2021) observation period. Here, the relationship of linear growth with area (r = 0.985) and volume (r = 0.984) washouts turned out to be very high. The relationship of linear growth with areal (r = 0.819) and volumetric washouts (r = 0.792) at the bottom of a single-top gully on the “Kuregovo” site turned out to be quite high. A high positive relationship of linear growth with areal (r = 0.792) and volumetric erosion (r = 0.756) was noted at the near-valley gully on the right slope of the valley of the Vyatka River (“Crimean Sludka”).

A moderate relationship between the linear growth and the areal (r = 0.629) and volumetric washouts (r = 0.429) was found for single-top near-drainage divide ravine in the key area “Vyatskoye”. A very weak positive relationship between linear growth and areal (r = 0.348) and volumetric washouts (r = 0.326) wasfound for the near-drainage divide gully growing with three headcuts in the Kulyushevo area. No relationship was found between linear growth with both areal (r = 0.280) and volumetric erosion (r = 0.289) only for the top ravine (“Varzi-Yatchi”), growing in the upper reaches on the bottom of the Holocene gulch. This ravine has with three headcuts expanding in three directions because of the emergence of new runoff troughs due to agricultural activity.

For all of the considered ravines, a very high correlation was found between the area and volume growth (r = 0.969 ± 0.074). The asynchrony of the linear, area and volume increments of the studied ravines is not always associated with climate factors, which can be explained by the influence of slope processes, and in some cases by suffusion. A smooth change over the years of areal and volumetric erosion and a rather sharp fluctuation in the values of the linear growth in the headcuts of ravines, regardless of the type and their morphological and morphometric features, were revealed.

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