Quaternary glaciation of the Etkil-Yankansky Ridge (Bureinskoye Nagor’ye)

The paper discusses the Quaternary glaciation of a mountainous region of Lower Priamurye. During the Late Pleistocene (MIS 4), the Etkil-Yankan Ridge underwent glaciation, resulting in the formation of glacial kars, cirque, and glacial valleys. For the first time, the ancient glacial landforms of the Etkil-Yankan Ridge were morphologically and morphometrically described and mapped using space images. The distribution and characteristics of prehistoric glaciers on the ridge territory vary noticeably from those on the remainder of the Bureinsky Highlands. The ridge's sublatitudinal strike, along with the monsoonal atmospheric circulation, produced unique aspects of exomorphogenesis in this region. This is due to the significant impact of Sea of Okhotsk's wet and cold air masses that penetrate through the Evoron-Chukchagirskaya lowland. The paper shows that glacial forms are found at lower altitudes of 1080–1270 m compared to the inner territories of the Bureinsky Highlands, by 300–400 m, as well as extensive rock glacial formations. The paper considers the altitudinal position of the kars bottoms as the level of the snow line during the glacial epoch. Rock glaciers form on moraine and slope material, transforming the glacial topography in the former case, and creating pseudo-glacial formations in the latter. A considerable valley rock glacier was discovered at the origin of the left tributary of the Berendya River, which originated in a glacial kar. Capturing moraine and coarse clastic slope material, the glacier's fluid surface structure and well-defined front slope foot are typical. Earlier geological surveys have overestimated the extent of glaciation due to incorrect interpretation of glacial formations. The area of the ancient glaciation was discovered to be 19.8 km², and it was ascertained that many moraine-like formations are in fact near-slope rock glaciers or scarps. The challenge in interpreting sediments arises due to variations in how the rock-glacier transformation affects the material, which depends on its dimensions, thickness, water or ice saturation, as well as the duration and age of the process.

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