On the hydrological role of the relief in the southern part of the Russian Plain

On the example of a southern  part of the Russian Plain the surface slope runoff, the runoff from the hydrographic network and snow melt river runoff are considered. Based on the analysis of the data by water balance stations and the correlation  of surface slope runoff values from different lands to the zonal river runoff value, the zonal values of the spring surface slope flow from separate lands located on loam and sandy loam soils are determined.  Within agricultural lands there are fall plowed fields and non-plowed  in autumn (stubble, layland, winter crops, perennial grasses). By the beginning of the spring flood, the soil at autumnplowed fields is loosened and reduces the runoff, while on the fields that were not plowed in the autumn soil is compacted.  In addition,  the microtopography created  by autumn  plowing also contributes  to the runoff reduction.  The smallest surface slope runoff occurs under the forest. Differences in runoff increase in the direction  from the southern  part of the forest zone to the steppe areas. Taking into account  the land composition  and the mechanical  composition  of the soils, the weighted average values of the surface slope runoff were obtained for the period of the long-time  average annual flow calculation (late 19th century and early 1960s). It is shown that subsequently there was a decrease in the spring surface slope runoff, initially as a result of the autumn plowing increase, and more recently, mainly as a result of changes in meteorological conditions, especially during the cold season (air temperature  rising, frequent thaws, increased infiltration). In the overall structure of the spring river flood, along with a decrease in the share of surface slope runoff, the share of surface runoff formed in the hydrographic network increases, and especially the flow of infiltration origin (verhovodka and underground runoff). In the steppe zone the structure of river flow has changed most significantly.

1. Zingg A. V. Degree and length of land slope as it effects soil loss in runoff. J. Of Agric. Engng. 1940. Vol. 26. P. 59-64.

2. Makkaveev N. I. Ruslo reki i eroziya v ee bassejne (River bed and erosion in its basin). M.: AN SSSR (Publ.), 1955. 348 p. (in Russ.)

3. L’vovich M. I. Chelovek i vody (Man and water) M.: Geografgiz (Publ.), 1963, 568 p. (in Russ.)

4. Carson A. M. and Kirkby M. J. Hillslope form and process. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1972. 475 p.

5. Surmach G. P. Vodnaya eroziya i bor’ba s nej (Water erosion and its control). L.: Gidrometeoizdat (Publ.), 1976, 253 p. (in Russ.)

6. Vodogreckij V. E. Vliyanie agrolesomelioracij na godovoj stok. Metodika issledovanij i raschety (Influence of agroforestry on annual runoff. Methods of research and calculations). L.: Gidrometeoizdat (Publ.), 1979. 184 p. (in Russ.)

7. McCool D. K., Foster G. D., Muichier C. K., and Meuer L. D. Revised slope length factor for the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng. 1989. No. 32 (5). P. 1571-1576.

8. Gerasimenko V. P. Ocenka vesennego poverhnostnogo sklonovogo stoka s pahotnyh zemel’ (Estimation of spring surface slope runoff from arable lands). Pochvovedenie (Eurasian Soil Science). 1993. No. 5. P. 84-91. (in Russ.)

9. Larionov G. A. Eroziya i deflyaciya pochv (Erosion and deflation of soils). M.: Izd-vo MGU (Publ.), 1993, 200 p. (in Russ.)

10. Larionov G. A., Dobrovolskaya N. G., Krasnov S. F., and B.Yu. Liu. Novoe uravnenie faktora rel’efa dlya statisticheskih modelej erozii (New relief factor equation for statistical erosion models). Pochvovedenie (Eurasian Soil Science). 2003. No. 10. P. 1239-1247. (in Russ.)

11. Liu B. Y., Nearing M. A., and Rissie L. M. Slope gradient effects on soil loss for steep slope. Trans. ASAE. 1994. No. 36. P. 1835-1840.

12. Renard K. G., Foster G. R., Weisies G. A., McCool D. K., and Yoder D. C. Predicting soil erosion by water: a guide to conservation planning with the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE). USDA ARS Agriculture Handbook Number 703. 1997. 265 p.

13. Koronkevich N. I. Vodnyj balans Russkoj ravniny i ego antropogennye izmeneniya (Water balance of the Russian plain and its anchropogenic changes). M.: Nauka (Publ.), 1990. 205 p. (in Russ.)

14. Dolgov S. V. and Koronkevich N. I. Gidrologicheskaya yarusnost’ ravninnoj territorii (Hydrological stratification of the flat territory). Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya. 2010. No. 1. P. 7-25. (in Russ.)

15. Barabanov A. T., Dolgov S. V., Koronkevich N. I., Panov V. I., and Petelko A. I. Poverhnostnyj stok i infil’traciya v pochvu talyh vod na pashne v lesostepnoj i stepnoj zonah Vostochno-Еvropejskoj ravniny (Surface runoff and snowmelt infiltration into the soil on arable land in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the East European Plain). Pochvovedenie (Eurasian Soil Science). 2018. No. 1. P. 62-69. (in Russ.)

16. Subbotin A. I. Stok talyh i dozhdevyh vod (po eksperimental’nym dannym) (Melt and rainwater runoff (according to experimental data). M.: Gidrometeoizdat (Publ.), 1966. 377 p. (in Russ.)

17. Vysotsky G. N. O gidrologicheskom i meteorologicheskom vliyanii lesov (Izbrannye trudy) (On the hydrological and meteorological effects of forests (Selected Works). M.: Selkhozgiz (Publ.), 1960. 435 p. (in Russ.)

18. Vodnye resursy Rossii i ih ispol’zovanie (Water resources of Russia and their use) SPb: GGI (Publ.), 2008. 598 p. (in Russ.)

19. Dzhamalov R. G., Frolova N. L., Kireeva M. B., Rec E. P., Safronova T. I., Bugrov A. A., Telegina A. A., and Telegina E. A. Sovremennye resursy podzemnyh i poverhnostnyh vod evropejskoj chasti Rossii: Formirovanie, raspredelenie, ispol’zovanie (Modern resources of ground and surface water of the European part of Russia: Formation, distribution, use). M.: GEOS (Publ.), 2015. 320 p. (in Russ.)

20. Voskresenskij K. P. Norma i izmenchivost’ godovogo stoka rek Sovetskogo Soyuza (The rate and variability of the annual flow of the rivers of the Soviet Union. L.: Gidrometeoizdat (Publ.), 1962. 548 p. (in Russ.)

21. Rode A. A. (Osnovy ucheniya o pochvennoj vlage. T. 1). Basics of soil moisture theory. Vol. 1. L.: Gidrometeoizdat (Publ.), 1965. 664 p. (in Russ.)