Cladoceran palaeocommunities and biodiversity changes of a lake in Southern Taimyr (Northern Central Siberia) over the last 7100 years

The study investigates the development history of the cladoceran community and its biodiversity changes in a small tundra lake located at the forest boundary in the southern part of the Taimyr Peninsula. The analysis is based on a 131.5 cm-long sediment core. A total of 24 cladoceran taxa were identified within the cladoceran communities. The most significant shifts in the community composition occurred around 7100 cal. yr BP, 6550 cal. yr BP, 2300–2000 cal. yr BP, and 800 cal yr BP. During the initial formation stage of the lake (~7100 cal. yr BP), unstable environmental conditions were reconstructed, reflected in the highest fluctuations in alpha and beta diversity values (SD1.2–1.5). During the first 400 years, the cladoceran community exhibited a high proportion of littoral taxa associated with well-developed macrophyte vegetation and often inhabiting detritus-rich, shallow, swampy areas. According to the cladoceran analysis, the early lake development stages were characterized by a shallow water body formed in a low-lying, swampy landscape. Around 6550 cal. yr BP, significant changes in the cladoceran community structure were marked by an increase in pelagic taxa, indicating a rise in lake depth and water level. Cladoceran data suggest that the water level remained consistently high until ~5300 cal. yr BP, without substantial fluctuations. Over the past 2500 years, lake depth fluctuations have been observed. Cold climatic episodes were reconstructed for 2300–2000 cal. yr BP, when the proportion of pioneer cold-water taxa increased, and the rare taxon Alona werestchagini, which has a restricted Arcto- Alpine distribution, appeared in the community. Another cold phase occurred between 850 and 600 cal. yr BP, characterized by a temporary increase in littoral taxa, a decline in Hill’s diversity indices reflecting reduced alpha diversity, and the dominance of Chydorus cf. sphaericus in the community. The results of the cladoceran analysis complement paleoecological and paleoclimatic reconstructions based on biogeoproxy data and align well with major regional paleoclimatic trends.

1. Andreev A.A., Nazarova L.B., Lenz M. et al. (2022) Late Quaternary paleoenvironmental reconstructions from sediments of Lake Emanda (Verkhoyansk Mountains, East Siberia), J. Quat. Sci. Vol. 37. Iss. 5. P. 884-899. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3419

2. Andreev A.A., Schirrmeister L., Tarasov P.E. et. al. (2011) Vegetation and climate history in the Laptev Sea region (Arctic Siberia) during late Quaternary inferred from pollen records. Quat. Sci. Rev. Vol. 30. № 17. P. 2182-2199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.12.026.

3. Andreev A.A., Siegert C., Klimanov V.A. et al. (2002) Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation and climate changes in the Taymyr lowland, Northern Siberia reconstructed from pollen records. Quaternary Research. Vol. 57. No. 1. P. 138-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2302

4. Appleby P.G., Nolan P.J., Gifford D.W. et al. (1986) 210Pb dating by low background gamma counting. Hydrobiologia. Vol. 141, P. 21-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00026640

5. Atlas Arktiki (1985) (Atlas of the Arctic). Moscow: GUGK. (Publ.). 204 p. (in Russ.)

6. Baisheva I., Pestryakova L., Levina S. et al. (2023) Permafrost-thaw lake development in Central Yakutia: sedimentary ancient DNA and element analyses from a Holocene sediment record. J. Paleolimnol. Vol. 70. P. 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-023-00285-w

7. Belorusova Zh.M., Ukraintseva V.V. (1980) Paleogeography of Novaya River (Taymyr Peninsula) during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Botanicheskiy Zhurnal. Vol. 65. P. 368–379. (in Russ.)

8. Birks H.J.B. (2007) Estimating the amount of compositional change in late-Quaternary pollen stratigraphical data. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. Vol. 16. Р. 197-202.

9. Biskaborn B. K., Forster A., Pfalz G. et al. (2023) Diatom responses and geochemical feedbacks to environmental changes at Lake Rauchuagytgyn (Far East Russian Arctic). Biogeosciences. Vol. 20. P. 1691–1712. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1691-2023

10. Biskaborn B.K., Herzschuh U., Zibulski R. et al. (2013) Late Holocene thermo karst variability inferred from diatoms in a lake sediment record from the Lena delta, Siberian Аrctic. J. Paleolimnol. Vol. 49. P. 155–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-012-9650-1

11. Biskaborn B.K., Nazarova L., Pestryakova L.A. et al. (2019) Spatial distribution of environmental indicators in surface sediments of Lake Bolshoe Toko, Yakutia, Russia. Biogeosciences. Vol. 16. P. 4023–4049. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-146

12. Biskaborn B.K., Subetto D.A., Savelieva L.A. et al. (2016) Late Quaternary vegetation and lake system dynamics in north-eastern Siberia: Implications for seasonal climate variability. Quat. Sci. Rev. Vol. 147. P. 406–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.08.014

13. Bjerring R., Nykänen M., Sarmaja-Korjonen K. et al. (2008) Description of the subfossil head shield of Alona protzi Hartwig 1900 (Anomopoda, Chydoridae) and the environmental characteristics of its finding sites. Studia Quaternaria. Vol. 25. P. 47-53.

14. Blaauw M., Christen J.A. (2011) Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian Anal. Vol. 6. No. 3. Р. 457-474. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1214/ba/1339616472.

15. Bledzki L.A., Rybak J.I. (2016) Freshwater crustacean zoo plankton of Europe. Springer International Publishing Switzerland. 923 p.

16. Bol`shiyanov D.Yu., Savel`eva L.A., Pestryakova L.A. et al. (2013) Methodology for Extracting Paleogeographic Information from the Bottom Sediments of the Arctic Lake Sevastyan-Kyuele. Izvestiya Russkogo geograficheskogo obshhestva. Vol. 145. № 2. P. 49-65. (in Russ.).

17. Bol`shiyanov D.Yu., Verkulich S.R. Paleoklimat polyarny`x oblastej Zemli v golocene (Paleoclimate of the Earth's Polar Regions in the Holocene). Saint-Petersburg: AANII. 204 p.

18. Chao A., Gotelli N.J., Hsieh T.C. et al. (2014) Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. Ecological Monographs. Vol. 84. № 1. Р. 45–67.

19. Chertoprud E.S., Novichkova A.A., Novikov A.A., Fefilova E.B., Vorobjeva L.V., Pechenkin D.S., Glubokov A.I. (2022) Assemblages of Meiobenthic and Planktonic Microcrustaceans (Cladocera and Copepoda) from Small Water Bodies of Mountain Subarctic (Putorana Plateau, Middle Siberia). Diversity. V. 14. Iss. 6. 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14060492

20. Davidson T.A., Sayer C. D., Langdon P. G. et al. (2010) Inferring past zooplanktivorous fish and macrophyte density in a shallow lake: application of a new regression tree model. Freshw. Biol. Vol. 55. P. 584–599. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02391.x

21. Derevyagin A., Siegert C., Troshin E. et al. (1997) Permafrost landscapes and geomorphology of Cape Sabler. Russian–German cooperation: the expedition Taymyr/Severnaya Zemlya. Berichte zur Polarforschung. Vol. 237, Р. 89–97.

22. Ehlers J., Gibbard P.L. (2007) The extent and chronology of Cenozoic global glaciation. Quaternary International. Vol. 164–165. P. 6-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2006.10.008

23. Ershov E.D, Kondratyev K.A., Loginov V.F. et al. (Eds.). (1991) Geokriologicheskaya karta SSSR, Mashtab 1:2500000 (Geocryological Map of the USSR. Scale 1:2500000). Gidrospetsgeologiya (Publ.). (in Russ.).

24. Felde V.A., Flantua S.G. A., Jenks C.R. et al. (2020) Compositional turnover and variation in Eemian pollen sequences in Europe. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. Vol. 29. Р. 101–109.

25. Flössner D. (2000) Die Haplopoda und Cladocera (ohne Bosminidae) Mitteleuropas. Leiden: Backhuys Pub lishers (Publ.). 428 p.

26. Frey D.G. (1986) Cladocera analysis. Handbook of Holocene palaeoecology and palaeohydrology. Great Britain: Whiley & Sons. (Publ.). P. 667-701.

27. Frolova L. (2016) Subfossil Cladocera (Branchiopoda, Crustacea) in climatic and palaeoenvironmental investigations in Eastern Siberia (Russia). 16th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM. Vol. 2. Iss. 4. P. 601-606. 10.5593/SGEM2016/B42/S19.077

28. Frolova L., Frolova A. (2017) Implification of ephippium analysis (Cladocera, Branchiopoda,Crustacea) for reconstruction of past environmental changes in Central Yakutia, Russia. 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference. SGEM. V. 17. № 41. P. 481–486. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/41/S19.061

29. Frolova L., Nazarova L., Pestryakova L. et al. (2014) Subfossil cladoceran from sediment in thermokarst lakes in northeastern Siberia, Russia and their relationship to limnological and climatic variables. J. Paleolimnol. Vol. 52. №. 1. P. 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-014-9781-7

30. Frolova L.A., Ibragimova A.G. (2015) Carcinological Analysis of Bottom Sediments from Lakes Kilometrovo and Kotovo of the Kharbey System (Bolshezemelskaya Tundra). Trudy` KarNCz RAN. № 5. Ser. Limnologiya. P. 5-17. Frhttps://doi.org/10.17076/lim34

31. Frolova L.A., Ibragimova A.G., Subetto D.A. et al. (2018) Paleoecological and Paleoclimatic Reconstructions for the Karelian Isthmus Based on the Study of Subfossil Cladocerans from Lake Medvedevskoe (Northwest Russia). Uch. Zap. Kazanskogo un-ta. Ser. estestvennye nauki. Vol. 160. Iss. 1. P. 93–110. (in Russ.)

32. Frolova L.A., Ibragimova A.G., Ulrich M. et al. (2017) Reconstruction of the History of a Thermokarst Lake in the Mid-Holocene Based on an Analysis of Subfossil Cladocera (Siberia, Central Yakutia). Contemp. Probl. Ecol. Vol. 10. Iss. 4. P. 423–430. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995425517040023

33. Frolova L.A., Nazarova L.B., Pestryakova L.A. et al. (2013) Analysis of the Effects of Climate-Dependent Factors on the Formation of Zooplankton Communities that Inhabit Arctic Lakes in the Anabar River Basin. Contemp. Probl. Ecol. Vol. 6. Iss. 1. P. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1134/S199542551301006X

34. Frolova L.A., Nigamatzyanova G.R. (2019) Structural and functional characteristics of zooplankton communities in thermokarst lakes of Samoylov Island (Lena River delta, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)). Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki. Vol. 161. № 1. P. 158–171. https://doi.org/10.26907/2542-064X.2019.1.158-171.

35. Gadagkar R. (1989) An undersirable property of Hill's diversity index N2. Oecologia. Vol. 80. P. 140–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00789944

36. Glückler R., Geng R., Grimm L. et al. (2022) Holocene wildfire and vegetation dynamics in Central Yakutia, Siberia, reconstructed from lake-sediment proxies. Front. Ecol. Evolut. Vol. 10. 962906. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fevo.2022.962906

37. Grimm E. (1987) CONISS: a FORTRAN 77 program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the methods of incremental sum of squares. Comput. Geosci. Vol. 13. P. 13–15.

38. Grimm E. (1991) Tilia TILIA and TILIAGRAPH. Spring field: Illinois State Museum. 56 p.

39. Grimm E. (2004) Tilia software 2.0.2. Illinois State Museum Research and Collection Center. Springfield.

40. Grosse G., Schirrmeister L., Siegert, C. et.al. (2006) Geological and geomorphological evolution of a sedi mentary periglacial landscape in Northeast Siberia during the late Quaternary. Geomorphology. Vol. 86. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.08.005

41. Hantemirov R., Shiyatov S.G. (2002) A continuous multimillennial ring-width chronology in Yamal, northwestern Siberia. The Holocene. Vol. 12 (6). P. 717–727.

42. Herzschuh U., Pestryakova L., Savelieva L. et al. (2013) Siberian larch forests and the ion content of thaw lakes form a geochemically functional entity. Nat. Commun. Vol. 4. 2408. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3408

43. Hill M. (1973) Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology. Vol. 54. Р. 427–432.

44. Hofmann W. (2000) Response of the chydorid faunas to rapid climatic changes in four alpine lakes at different altitudes. Quat. Sci. Rev. Vol. 159. P. 281–292.

45. Inger S., Scott R.A., Golionko V.G. (1999) Tectonic evolution of the Taimyr Peninsula, northern Russia: implications for Arctic continental assembly. Journal of the Geological Society. Vol. 156. P. 1069-1072.

46. Kienel U., Siegert C. (1999) Late Quaternary palaeoenvironmental reconstructions from a permafrost sequence (North Siberian Lowland, SE Taymyr Peninsula) – A multidisciplinary case study. Boreas. Vol. 28. No. 1. Р. 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00213.x

47. Klemm J., Herzschuh U., Pestryakova L. A. (2016) Vegetation, climate and lake changes over the last 7000 years at the boreal treeline in north-central Siberia. Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 147. P. 422-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.08.015

48. Klemm J., Herzschuh U., Pisaric M.F.J. et al. (2013) A pollen-climate transfer function from the tundra and taiga vegetation in Arctic Siberia and its applicability to a Holocene record. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. Vol. 386. P. 702-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.06.033

49. Kokelj S.V., Jorgenson M.T. (2013) Advances in thermokarst research. Permafr. Periglac. Process. Vol. 24. P. 108–119. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1779

50. Korhola A., Rautio M. (2001) Cladocera and other branchiopod crustaceans // Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research. Vol. 4. P. 125–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47671-1_2

51. Korovchinsky N.M., Kotov A.A., Sinev A.Yu. et al. (2021) Vetvistousye rakoobraznye (Crustacea: Cladocera) Severnoi Evrazii (Cladocera (Crustacea: Cladocera) Northern Eurasia). Vol. I–II. Moscow: Partnership of scientific publications KMK (Publ.). 544 p. (in Russ.)

52. Kotov A. A., Sinev A. Ju., Glagolev S. М. et al. (2010) Vetvistousye rakoobraznye (Cladocera). Opredelitel’ zooplanktona i zoobentosa presnykh vod Evropeiskoi Rossii (Cladocera in Identification Key of zooplankton and zoobenthos of European Russia freshwater, issuel, Zooplankton). Moscow: Partnership of scientific publications KMK (Publ.). P. 151–276. (in Russ.)

53. Last W.M., Smol J.P. (Eds.). (2001) Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Vol. 1: Basin Analysis, Coring, and Chronological Techniques. Kluwer Academic (Publ.). 548 p.

54. Legendre P., Legendre L. (2012) Numerical Ecology. Elsevier (Publ.). Vol. 24. 1006 p.

55. Luoto T.P., Nevalainen L., Sarmaja-Korjonen K. (2008) Multiproxy evidence for the ‘Little Ice Age’ from Lake Hamptrask, Southern Finland. J. Paleolimnol. Vol. 40. Iss. 4. P. 1097–1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-008-9216-4

56. Manuilova E.F. (1964) Vetvistousye rachki (Cladocera) fauny SSSR (Cladocera of the fauna of the USSR). Moscow-Leningrad: Nauka (Publ.). 328 p. (in Russ.).

57. Marquer L., Gaillard M. J., Sugita S. et.al. (2014) Holocene changes in vegetation composition in northern Europe: why quantitative pollen-based vegetation reconstructions matter. Quaternary Science Reviews. Vol. 90. Р. 199–216.

58. Möller P., Bolshiyanov D.Yu., Bergstein H. (1999) Weichselian geology and paleoenvironmental history of the central Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia, indicating no glaciation during the last global glacial maximum. Boreas. Vol. 28. No. 1. Р. 92–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00208.x

59. Nazarova L.B., Frolova L.A., Palagushkina O.V. et al. (2021) Recent shift in biological communities: A case study from the Eastern European Russian Arctic (Bol`shezemelskaya Tundra). Polar Biol. Vol. 44. P. 1107–1125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02876-7

60. Nevalainen L. (2011) Intra-lake heterogeneity of sedimentary cladoceran (Crustacea) assemblages forced by local hydrology. Hydrobiol. Vol. 676. P. 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0707-3

61. Nevalainen L., Luoto T.P., Kultti S. et al. (2011) Do subfossil Cladocera and chydorid ephippia disentangle Holocene climate trends? The Holocene. Vol. 22. Iss. 3. p. 291–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683611423691.

62. Nevalainen L., Luoto T.P., Sarmaja-Korjonen K. (2008) Late Holocene water-level changes in Lake Iso Lehmälampi, southern Finland, reflected in subfossil cladocerans and chironomids. Studia Quaternaria. Vol. 25. P. 33–42.

63. Nevalainen L., Rantala M.V., Luoto T.P. (2015) Sedimentary cladoceran assemblages and their functional attributes record late Holocene climate variability in southern Finland. J. Paleolimnol. Vol. 54. Iss. 2. P. 239–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-015-9849-z

64. Nigmatullin N., Frolova L., Nigamatzyanova G. et al. (2020) A study of zooplankton in tundra lakes of the Pechora River Delta (North-Eastern European Russia). 20th International multidisciplinary scientific Geoconference SGEM. Vol. 20. Iss. 4.1. P. 289-296. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2020/4.1/s19.036

65. Nigmatullin N.M., Frolova L.A. (2019) Zooplankton community structure and environmental conditions of tundra lakes in the Pechora River Delta (Northern Russia). 19th International multidisciplinary scientific Geoconference SGEM. Vol. 19. Iss. 5.1. P. 817-824. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/5.1/S20.101

66. Nigmatullin N.M., Frolova L.A. (2023) Cladocera Communities of Lake Arcto-Pimberto (Nenets Autonomous district) in the Middle and Late Holocene. Geomorfologiya i paleogeografiya. Vol. 54. № 4. P. 131-144. (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31857/S2949178923040072

67. Norin B.N. (Ed.). (1978) Prirodnyye usloviya. Flora i rastitel'nost' samogo severnogo v mire lesnogo massiva Ary-Mas (Natural conditions. Flora and vegetation of the world's northernmost forest massif Ary-Mas). Leningrad: Nauka (Publ.). 192 p. (in Russ.)

68. Notz D., Stroeve J. (2016) Observed Arctic sea-ice loss directly follows anthropogenic CO2 emission. Science. Vol. 354 (6313). P.747–750. https://doi:10.1126/ science.aag2345

69. Novenko E.Yu, Mazej N.G, Kupriyanov D.A. et al. (2022) Changes in Environmental Conditions of the Western Part of the Putorana Plateau over the Last 4,000 Years. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 5. Geografiya. P. 152-166. (in Russ.).

70. Nykänen M., Sarmaja-Korjonen (2007) Findings of Alona protzi Hartwig 1900 (Branchiopoda: Anomopoda, Chydoridae) in Finland. Studia Quaternaria. 2007. Vol. 24. P. 73-77.

71. Peregovich B., Hoops E., Rachold V. (1999) Sediment transport to the Laptev Sea (Siberian Arctic) during the Holocen edevidence from the heavy mineral composition of fluvial and marine sediments. Boreas Vol. 28. No. 1. Р. 205-214. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00215.x

72. Pestryakova L.A., Herzschuh U., Wetterich S. (2012) Presentday variability and Holocene dynamics of perma frost-affected lakes in central Yakutia (Eastern Siberia) inferred from diatom records. Quat. Sci. Rev. Vol. 51. P. 56–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.06.020

73. Petrov O.V. (Ed.). (2008) Geologicheskaya karta Rossii i prilegayushchikh akvatoriy Masshtab 1:2500000 (Geological Map of Russia and Adjoining Water Areas, 1: 2500000). SPb.: Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI) (Publ.). 12 p. (in Russ.)

74. Petrov O.V., Strelnokov S.I. (Eds.). (2016) Geologicheskaya karta Rossii i prilegayushchikh akvatoriy. Masshtab 1:2500000 (Geological Map of Russia and Adjoining Water Areas, 1: 2500000). SPb.: Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI) (Publ.). 14 p. (in Russ.)

75. IPCC (2019) Pörtner H.-O., Roberts D.C., Masson-Delmotte V., Zhai P., Tignor M., Poloczanska E., Mintenbeck K., Alegría A., Nicolai M., Okem A., Petzold J., Rama B., Weyer N.M. (Eds.). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 755 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964

76. R Core Team (2013) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project. org/.

77. Reimer P., Bard E., Bayliss A. et al. (2013) IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0-50 000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon. Vol. 55 (4). P. 1869-1887.

78. Rogozin D.Y., Nazarova L.B., Rudaya N.A. et al. (2025) Tracking Late Holocene climate change and the 1908 Tunguska impact event from lake sediments in Central Siberia. Quat. Research. Published online 2025:1-19. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2024.35

79. Romanovskii N.N. (1993) Osnovy kriogeneza litosfery (Fundamentals of Lithosphere Cryogenesis). Moscow: Moskovskii universitet (Publ.). 334 p. (in Russ.)

80. Romanovskii N.N., Hubberten H.-W., Gavrilov A.V. et al. (2004) Permafrost of the east Siberian Arctic shelf and coastal lowlands. Quat. Sci. Rev. Vol. 23. P. 1359-1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.014

81. Rudaya N.A. Izmeneniya  klimata,  rastitel`nosti  i  fitoraznoobraziya  Altajskoj  gornoj  strany`  v  konce  MIS 2 i golocene (Climate, Vegetation, and Phytodiversity Changes in the Altai Mountain Region at the End of MIS 2 and the Holocene). PhD thesis. Moscow: 2021. 98 p. (in Russ.)

82. Sarmaja-Korjonen K. (2001) Correlation of fluctuations in cladoceran planktonic: Littoral ratio between three cores from a small lake in southern Finland: Holocene water-level changes. The Holocene. Vol. 11. Iss. 1. P. 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1191/095968301677071335

83. Sinev A.Yu. (2002) A key to identifying cladocerans of the genus Alona (Anomopoda, Chydoridae) from the Russian European part and Siberia. Zoologicheskii zhurnal. Vol. 81. Iss. 8. P. 926–939. (in Russ.).

84. Smirnov N.N. (1971) Fauna SSSR. Rakoobraznye (Fauna of the USSR. Crustaceans). Leningrad: Nauka (Publ.). Vol. 1. Iss. 2. P. 353. (in Russ.)

85. Smirnov N.N. (2010) Istoricheskaya e`kologiya presnovodny`x zoocenozov (Historical Ecology of Freshwater Zoocenoses). Moscow: Tovarishhestvo nauchny`x izdanij KMK. 219 p.

86. Subetto D.A., Nazarova L.B., Pestryakova, L.A. et al. (2017) Paleolimnological studies in Russian northern Eurasia: A review. Contemp. Probl. Ecol. №. 10. P. 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995425517040102

87. Svendsen J.I., Alexanderson H., Astakhov V.I. et al. (2004) Late Quaternary ice sheet history of northern Eurasia. Science Reviews. Vol. 23. P. 1229-1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quascirev.2003.12.008.

88. Swann G.E.A., Leng M.J. Juschus O. et al. (2010) A combined oxygen and silicon diatom isotope record of Late Quaternary change in Lake El'gygytgyn, North East Siberia. Quat. Sci. Rev. Vol. 29. P. 774–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.024

89. Syrykh L.S., Nazarova L.B., Herzschuh U. et al. (2017) Reconstruction of palaeoecological and palaeoclimatic conditions of the Holocene in the south of the Taimyr according to an analysis of lake sediments. Contemp. Probl. Ecol. № 10. P. 363–369. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995425517040114

90. Szeroczyńska K., Sarmaja-Korjonen K. (2007) Atlas of Subfossil Cladocera from Central and Northern Europe. Friends of the Lower Vistula Society. 84 p.

91. ter Braak C.J.F., Prentice I.C. (1988) A theory of gradient analysis. Adv. Ecol. Res. Vol. 18. P. 271-317.

92. ter Braak C.J.F., Šmilauer P. (2002) CANOCO 4.5, Reference Manual and CanoDraw for Windows, User’s Guide: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (ver. 4.5). Ithaca, NY: Microcomputer Power. 500 p.

93. The Physical Geography of Northern Eurasia (2003) New York: Oxford University Press. 571 p.

94. The R Project for Statistical Computing (2018) Vienna, URL: https://www.r-project.org (access date: 08.12.2024).

95. Tyulina L.N. (1937) Lesnaya rastitel`nost` Xatangskogo rajona u ee severnogo predella (Forest Vegetation of the Khatanga Region at Its Northern Limit). Trudy` Arkticheskogo instituta. Vol. 63. P. 83-180.

96. Ulrich M., Wetterich S., Rudaya N. et al. (2017) Rapid thermokarst evolution during the mid-Holocene in Central Yakutia, Russia. The Holocene. Vol. 27. Iss. 12. P. 1899-1913. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683617708454

97. Van Damme K., Brancelj A., Dumont H.J. (2009) Adaptations to the hyporheic in Aloninae (Crustacea: Cladocera): allocation of Alona protzi Hartwig, 1900 and related species to Phreatalona gen. nov. Hydrobiologia. Vol. 618. P. 1-34.

98. Van Damme K., Elias-Gutiérrez M., Dumont H.J. (2011) Three rare European “Alona” taxa (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Chydoridae), with notes on distribution and taxonomy. Ann. Limnol. Int. J. Limnol. Vol. 47. No.1. P. 45-63.

99. Van Damme K., Nevalainen L. (2019) The most latent cladoceran in the Holarctic revealed—sinking Unapertura Sarmaja-Korjonen, Hakojirvi & Korhola, 2000 into the genus Rhynchotalona Norman, 1903 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Chydoridae). Zootaxa. Vol. 4613. N. 3. P. 463-476.

100. Vernikovsky V.A., Dobretsov N.L., Metelkin D.V.et al. (2013) Concerning tectonics and the tectonic evolution of the Arctic. Russ. Geol. Geophys. Vol. 54. No. 8. 838-858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2013.07.006

101. Wahsner M., Müller C., Stein R. et al. (1999) Clay-mineral distribution in surface sediments of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean and continental margin as indicator for source areas and transport pathwaysda synthesis. Boreas. Vol. 28. No. 1. Р. 215-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1502-3885.1999.tb00216.x

102. Zawiska I., Słowiński M., Correa-Metrio A. et al. (2015) The response of a shallow lake and its catchment to Late Glacial climate changes – a case study from eastern Poland. Catena. Vol. 126. P. 1–10. 10.1016/j.catena.2014.10.007