All fjords and trough-shaped submarine valleys occur within the glaciated coastal mountains and adjacent glaciated shelves being completely absent in other coast and shelf areas. This distribution strongly suggests that the landforms are of glacial origin, and their hollows can be used for assessing the rate of glacial scour. The total volume of hollows in the eastern North Atlantic measures about 750,000 km³, or 280*10¹³ t, which is equivalent to removal of a 240-meter-thick rock layer. As for the distribution of the produced debris, 30% of their mass has been spent on late-glacial refilling of the hollows, 63 to 65% dumped on continental slopes and rises, about 1% deposited within the polar abyssal plain of the ocean, and 4 to 5% ice-rafted to its subpolar areas. Rate of scour in fjords and glacial submarine valleys turns out to have been ranging from 2.7 to 6.0 mm/yr which is an order of magnitude higher than rate of erosion by terrestrial glaciers, Data on glaciomarine accumulation in the western North Atlantic and in deep-sea trenches off south-west Alaska and southern Chile tally with these figures.

An importance of sedimentation is discussed for the submerged continental margin topography formation. Various dynamical processes (differing in character and energy) account for the sedimentary landforms of the continental margin, including hydrogenous, hydrodynamical and gravitation processes. Lithodynamical environment of sedimentation seems to be the main geological agent of morphosculpture modelling, as the environment controls the manner of sedimentation and therefore the geological body which is sedimentary landform. A detailed scheme is developed of genetic types of sediments of continental margin and the main elements of its built-up topography.

Statistical technique permits reliable determination of modal levels of the planation surfaces using a graph of distribution of altitudes general population. The altitudes district button frequency within longitudinal geomorphological zones together with variation curves analysis allows to distinguish features of structure and changes in the planation surfaces evolution, Two stages can be distinguished during 150 million years of evolution, The first accomplished stage, about 113 million years long, ends with peneplainization, the second stage (37 million years) is still at its ascending phase which is manifested in constant uplift amplitudes and accelerated cyclic development. Unambiguous identification of the planation surfaces will permit to apply them on a broader scale to the paleo-geomorphological analysis and to practical task, i. e. to estimate the depth of erosional downcutting into ore-bearing structures within large region of Meso-Cenozoic mineralization.

Frequency analysis as applied to floor topography at the north Sea of Japan and north-west Sea of Okhotsk gave the results which seem to be in good agreement with geological and geophysical data available; it permits to obtain more specific information on the areas geology as well as to discern a series of new structural elements, The technique is recommended to be used on broad scale at the seas of the Far East together with geological and geophysical works at the regional studies stage in order to receive a general out-line of the geological situation.

While more detailed studies are carried on, some more sensitive processing technique can be used to outline local structures, individual blocks as well as to trace faultlines.

Terminological systematization in geomorphology requires to define the initial or the most general notions, general terminology of the science, geomorphological survey and mapping practice as well as the determination principle should be taken into account. The initial concepts in geomorphology are the following: 1) the Earth surface defined as the locus which separates lithosphere from the outer spheres of the Earth, 2) components of the surface which are identified according to numerous descriptors, 3) relief (topography) which represents the totality of various parts of the Earth's surface and their interrelations.

The Arctic geodepression downwarping as a whole was sagged locally too. The local saggings compensated by sedimentation have formed buried arches, not expressed in the lithosphere surface topography, those not compensated formed exposed arches expressed in topography. As the level of sedimentation lowered little by little, the unburied arches became orogens.

The present height of the mountains in general case is made up of: the tectonic uplift which may be or not be; the relative «uplift» due to local saggings of adjacent plains; the «absolute uplift» due to lowering of the World Ocean level. Thus the estimate of to rate presents the key task of tectonics and geomorphology for the immediate future.

A topography closely resembling the present one came into being on the Mesozoic structures in the north central and western Chukchi Peninsula at the end of the Mesozoic era and has not been transformed during the whole Cenozoic. The relief remodeling is mostly due to climatic rhythms, which control special features of placers formation, redeposition and covering with younger sediments.

Recently an importance is attached to searches for local oil and gas bearing structures within the flat loess proluvial plain westward of West Kopetdag anticlines. One of typical local structures-West Zirik one-has been chosen for a test study. Geoindicative model was developed using data on landscape's components (topography, vegetation, loess deposits) and geophysical parameters. The model is presented as a graph with several levels. Local structures indentification probability (under conditions similar to those of West Zirik uplift) is 0.6 to 0.7.

A series of investigations carried out using geophysical data, bathymetrical maps, space images and other materials resulted in some notions on the floor topography evolution at the North-East Caspian as well as permitted to evaluate the rate of neotectonic movements of some local structures, Active structures are believed to be promising for oil and gas prospects.

A single three-dimensional geomorphic body-intracontinental orogen includes mountain belt, rift zones aтd marginal troughs at the southern and eastern boundaries of the Siberian plate; the orogen came into being due to its position at the margin of a stable lithospheric block which underwent mostly precision from the Meso-Cenozoic folded area. Mountains at the southern margin of the Siberian plate were formed mostly by horizontal shifts within the lithosphere which were controlled by compression from the Pacific sutural zone and by NE drift of Indostan plate. Two main stages in the intracontinental orogen evolution can be distinguished: 1 - compression (late Mesozoic-Late Neogene), 2 - local spreading of sub-meridional fragments (starting from Late Neogene or early Anthropogene).

A considerable role of badlands in landscapes of Mongolia is emphasized. The author proposes the term «tectonic badlands» denoting intensively dissected and eroded terrains which are connected with recent uplifts in the vicinity of pedestal mountains in Mongolia, especially in the Gobi Altai.

An important stage in the World Ocean floor studies

Features of ancient platforms relief formation in tropics

Long-term plan of the Geomorphological Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences