The interpretation of high spatial resolution satellite images (0.5-3 m) of three time slices - 1964, 2009 and 2017 allowed to identify the areas of activation of modern processes of relief formation. The results of the images interpretation were outlines of outcrops, identified by visual analysis of multi-temporal images, by brightness quantization for the panchromatic image of 1964 and calculation of the vegetation index using multispectral images of the last two survey dates. This work showed that the combination of visual interpretation of the original images and the results of their digital processing makes it possible to distinguish areas covered by vegetation of different types and open rock outcrops in the best way, partly even leveling out the differences in illumination of slopes of different steepness. The results were compared with the thermal survey data and verified in the course of geomorphological field studies and UAV surveys.

The methodology for mapping the dynamics of slope processes based on the interpretation of multi-temporal images over a time interval of more than 50 years was tested in two key areas characterized by diverse and different-scale manifestations of exogenous processes. Calculations made on the basis of the interpretation results made it possible to determine that the last two large landslides in 2007 and 2014 sharply reduced the area covered by vegetation: from 70% to 7% and from 60% to 4%, respectively. It was found that in the Northern key site, the proportion of the area with traces of slope processes activation for 53 years increased from 20.9 to 30.2%, in the Southern site it increased from 12 to 30%. Analysis of spatial and temporal distribution of areas of slope processes activation showed that in addition to commonly known triggers, such as heavy rainfall and earthquakes, the influence of the spectrum of endogenous processes on the displacement of material on the slopes is obvious in this area.

The results of calculations of the spatial distribution of bottom deformations in the bottom area of the Pechora Sea at different wind directions are presented. It is shown that bottom erosion dominates on the shelf, while in the coastal zone the storm of the prevailing directions cause accumulation of sediments. The shoreline is mostly receding, which ultimately should lead to a flattening of the offshore coastal slope. It is concluded that there are large-scale relatively isolated lithodynamic cells in the coastal zone. The mass of sediment displaced during a storm is measured in hundreds of tons per square kilometer of seabed and increases with increasing wind speed. The bulk of material is transported during storms in a strip of depths from 10 to 30 m.

New data on the mechanism of giant dunes formation in the Kuray Basin of the Gorny Altai has been obtained in the Kuray dune field on the right bank of the Tjute River. We analyzed its morphology from remote sensing data (satellite images and UAV) and the internal structure of dunes with ground-penetrating radar. The morphometric indices: dune lengths and distribution of special points of the Kurai dune field were statistically compared with indices for dune landscapes of different genesis: cata-fluvial dune field near Lake Missoula (USA), ribbed moraine in southern Scandinavia, Baer knolls of Northern Pre-Caspian, Yenisei flood ridges, riverbed ridges of Tapi River, India, and erosion patterns of Loess plateau in China. In terms of the statistical distribution of morphometric parameters, the Kuray dune field is close to the dune fields formed by water streams and strikingly different from moraine and erosional landscapes. Their internal structure, which was determined by ground-penetrating radar data, is also typical of channel dunes on river beds:
one or more oblique-layered strata with a dip in the stream flow direction are unambiguously identified in the cross-sections. The results obtained allow us to finally confirm ridge formation to be a result of a powerful water flow apparently formed by the descent of a subglacial lake occupying the Kuray Basin. New details of the dune formation mechanism have been established. The relationship between dunes' size, internal structure and the altitudinal position at the bottom of the basin, points to the dependence of their formation on the depth of the flow. At shallower depths (southern part of the Kuray dune field), small dunes composed of a single laminated package (one pulse of motion) were formed; at greater depths (the northern part), large ridges composed of several laminated packages (several pulses of motion) were formed. The height difference between the southern and northern periphery of the dune field is about 80 m. For the difference less than 80 m to be significant for the dune formation, the average flow depth should not have exceeded 200–300 m, i.e. dune formation occurred closer to the end of the lake descent. Our study for the first time establishes the presence of packages with the reverse direction of layering within large dunes in the northern part of filed.
This fact indicates the possibility of reversible flow movement at the final stage of dune field formation. This
indicates an increase in the instability of the current, the appearance of its rapid multidirectional pulsations
at the last stage of lake drainage.

Floodplain deposits are important paleo-hydrological archive used to reconstruct fluvial processes and their fluctuation during the Holocene. The floodplain sedimentological record extends the historical observations of extreme hydrological events and allows to estimate their frequency. Study results of high floodplains deposits within Belaya River basin are presented. Morphodynamic zonation of the basin revealed the relationship between characteristics of floodplain-channel complex with areal morpho-structures. Sedimentary texture, mineral composition, grain size, and radiocarbon age of sediments were used to define floodplain facies. In the lower part of the basin floodplain is mostly built from the local sediment sources. In the upper basin near the mountains floodplain deposits are lacking facies adjacent to the channel. The age of sandy facies in the upper basin is younger (800–900 years) than in the lower basin (2.5–3.4 ka years) and indicates the more dynamic channel processes near the mountains. At the same time, older age of soils developed on the floodplains in the lower bain indicate their stable development through time. Change in sedimentology at 8.8 ka cal. years and 3.4 ka cal. years chronologically correlates with climate change episodes indicating the important role of climate on floodplain formation.

The Instrumental methods of studying linear, areal and volumetric growth of ravines on agricultural lands over the period from the early 2000s to 2021 are considered. The objects of the study include 6 ravines of various types (two the near-drainage divide, near-valley, top, bottom and floodplain), developing within 6 key areas, where their catchment areas are occupied mainly by plowed agricultural land. The purpose of the research is to identify the relationship between the linear, areal, and volumetric growth of ravines to their morphological and morphometric characteristics. The research methods included a geodetic survey of the top part of the ravines, their edges, thalwegs and transverse profiles using an electronic tachometer.

For most of the considered ravines, the maximum washouts were observed in 2001, when the linear headward retreat, areal, and volumetric varied within 13.8–21.8 m, (arithmetic average for the entire observation period was 0.68–3.45 m), from 25.1 to 436.7 m², (arithmetic mean – 11.12–109.02 m²), and from 398 to 3068 m³, (arithmetic mean – 27.52–889.80 m³), respectively. There were exceptions when linear increments had a maximum in 2011, for example, the near-drainage divide ravine No. 1 (2.3 m) and the top ravine No. 4 (3.25 m). For all types of ravines, the main statistical indicators of the values of linear, area and volume increments for the study period were calculated.

It was found that in most cases there is a clear dependence between the considered indicators, which is most typical for a floodplain ravine with a short (2013–2021) observation period. Here, the relationship of linear growth with area (r = 0.985) and volume (r = 0.984) washouts turned out to be very high. The relationship of linear growth with areal (r = 0.819) and volumetric washouts (r = 0.792) at the bottom of a single-top gully on the “Kuregovo” site turned out to be quite high. A high positive relationship of linear growth with areal (r = 0.792) and volumetric erosion (r = 0.756) was noted at the near-valley gully on the right slope of the valley of the Vyatka River (“Crimean Sludka”).

A moderate relationship between the linear growth and the areal (r = 0.629) and volumetric washouts (r = 0.429) was found for single-top near-drainage divide ravine in the key area “Vyatskoye”. A very weak positive relationship between linear growth and areal (r = 0.348) and volumetric washouts (r = 0.326) wasfound for the near-drainage divide gully growing with three headcuts in the Kulyushevo area. No relationship was found between linear growth with both areal (r = 0.280) and volumetric erosion (r = 0.289) only for the top ravine (“Varzi-Yatchi”), growing in the upper reaches on the bottom of the Holocene gulch. This ravine has with three headcuts expanding in three directions because of the emergence of new runoff troughs due to agricultural activity.

For all of the considered ravines, a very high correlation was found between the area and volume growth (r = 0.969 ± 0.074). The asynchrony of the linear, area and volume increments of the studied ravines is not always associated with climate factors, which can be explained by the influence of slope processes, and in some cases by suffusion. A smooth change over the years of areal and volumetric erosion and a rather sharp fluctuation in the values of the linear growth in the headcuts of ravines, regardless of the type and their morphological and morphometric features, were revealed.

A map reflecting the influence of erosion-channel processes on the infrastructure of settlements for Volga, Oka, Don and Dnieper rivers basins (within the Russian Federation) has been compiled. The physical-geographic map of Russia, scale of 1: 8000000, served as the basis for compiling the map. It shows settlements from large cities to urban-type settlements with population of more than 10 thousand people. In total, 120 settlements are displayed on the created map; 84 in the Volga river basin; 13 in the Don river basin, 24 in the Dnieper river basin (within the Russian Federation). According to the developed methodology, each settlement was assigned a score reflecting the influence of erosion and channel processes on the infrastructure. The most common are values of 1 and 2 points, 45% and 29.5% of all the settlements, respectively. Values of 3 points were assigned to 28 settlements (23%) and only three settlements (2.5%) are very dependent on erosion and channel processes. The infrastructure is an anthropogenic feature and mostly depends on the historic development of the settlement, however, it is adjusted to the natural conditions of the location. Infrastructures the least dependent on erosional forms and channel processes (scores 1 and 2) correspond to the territories located within the lowlands and relics of glacial relief. Settlements on the Central Russian and Volga Uplands with scores of 3–5 points to a large extent depend on ravine erosion. Channel processes have less impact on infrastructure with the exception of settlements within the Oka river basin. Here the influence of channel processes is the greatest. The results of the study showed that the impact of erosion and channel processes on the infrastructure of settlements is ambiguous. Infrastructure of large cities is less dependent, while the small and medium-sized settlements are largely dependent on erosion-channel processes.

The dynamics of bank erosion was estimated based on the stationary observations within the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Region – Yugra, in the latitudinal section of the Ob River. The results include data on the deformations of river channels and floodplains, necessary for assessing and forecasting the negative impact of bank erosion on economic activity and taking timely measures to prevent it. Monitoring was carried out at the Ust-Vakhsky station using various methods including morphometric field mapping, cartography, photogrammetry and remote sensing. According to the study, the average long-term rate of bank retreat over the observation period is 3.9 m/year. The maximum rate of 17.5 m/year of the bank edge retreat was recorded in 2004. The results helped to estimate the amount of land erosed during four periods of erosional activity: from 1982 to 1994 – 416.2 thousand m² (annual erosion rate was 34.7 thousand m²/year); from 1994 to 2001 – 225 thousand m² (32.1 thousand m²/year); from 2001 to 2014 – 200.8 thousand m² (15.4 thousand m²/year); from 2014 to 2021 – 134 thousand m2 (19.1 thousand m2/year). The total eroded area accounts for 976 thousand m² for the observed period from 1982 to 2021 (with an average erosion rate of 26.3 thousand m²/year). The total volume of sediments that entered the river as a result of bank erosion was about 4.9 million m³. The most active period of erosion on the right bank of the Ob River was from 1982 to 1994 with an average erosion rate of 6.9 m/year, which is associated with high water levels. Result of the study were compilated into a database and were used in a probabilistic model of short-term and long-term forecasts of horizontal channel deformations of the latitudinal section of the Ob River, where free bends are formed, and the floodplain is dissected by numerous channels. According to two trend lines, the predicted rate of bank eroson for 2022 range from 2.0 to 2.8 m/year and for 2030 from 1.1 to 5.4 m/year.

Despite its economic importance, the Lower Irtysh has not yet been sufficiently investigation. The first analysis of the channel formation conditions and its morphology is completed for the Lower Irtysh valley (from the confluence with the Tobol River to the mouth). The Lower Irtysh is characterized as a meandering channel. The valley is divided into three sections based on its geomorphological structure, bedrock, and changes in water discharge due to the confluence with tributaries. The upper reach of the valley includes a narrow floodplain, and a meander belt at the bottom, with meanders touching opposite sides of the valley. The second section of the valley becomes wider, and the channel siftes to its right side. The type of meanders changes to controlled and incised meanders in this section of the valley. The thirds section includes wide floodplain with channels, and meander belt located in the middle part of valley bottom. Flood discharges in the main stream decrease in the lower section of the valley due to diversion of the runoff to floodplain channels and dispersing of the flow to the floodplain during high water. Free meanders are branching at the head of bends and along the limbs forming the second-order streams. The morphological parameters of free bends and arms of branches decrease downstream, which is due to the expansion of the valley bottom, diversion of part of the water runoff to the floodplain channels. The Lower Irtysh has high rates of river banks erosion, increasing downstream and leading to a change in the morphological parameters of the channel shapes. The results are important for the water management and water transport development of the river.

The area on the right bank of the river Khoper is in high demand for agroforestry activity. Results of combined geomorphological and landuse analysis of 3800 km² of territory adjacent to Khoper River valley including its 5 tributary basins revealed the areas that need forest reclamation for the most. Results of comparative geomorphological and remotesensing analysis, and field investigations of catchments and interfluve slopes revealed differences in sediment transport and morphometrical parameters for each basin and their relationship to landuse practices. The results show that erosion is more intense on convex and straight interfluve slopes than on the slopes of collective catchments. The mean value of gully partitioning index calculated for the entire sample of interfluve slopes is almost twice the value calculated for the sample of collecting catchments, 0.64 km/km² versus 0.35 km/km², respectively. The obtained data was used to classify agricultural landscape of the study area into for groups; “normal”, “at risk”, “in crisis”, and “disastrous”. Recommendation for best landuse practices aimed to avoid soil erosion were given to each group of the agricultural landscapes.