Submarine valleys can be subdivided into several types which differ considerably in genesis and morphology; besides submerged fluvial and glacial valleys (inherited relict features), several types of submarine valleys seem to be accounted for by turbidity currents, i. e. submarine canyons, submarine gullies, abyssal valleys of continental rise and ocean floor. Rift valleys are formed by tectonics only; tectonic fractures contribute consign derably into formation of submarine canyons and transversal gorges crossing mid-oceanic ridges. Bottom abyssal currents are not sufficiently studied, but it is beyond any doubt that they participate in the formation of submarine valleys in deep ocean zones, in particular in inter-depression passes. It seems that valleys due to turbidity currents were greatly influenced by Pleistocene glaciations. Ice edge was often situated close to shelf edge and debris melted from the ice created large turbidity currents which eroded not only continental slope but abyssal zones as well.

Continental rise is considered to be an individual morphological element of submarine margin of continents, the identification based on special features of structural plan, topography and relief-forming processes. Thorough analysis of the processes allows to describe kind of geomorphic sequence: source area (continent) - zone of transport (shelf, continental slope) -zone of accumulation (continental rise). Local factors (such as submarine canyons bottom currents etc.) result in various types of continental rise, the author tries to classify them according to main process of accumulation.

Geomorphic consequences of mineral excavations can be in general predicted on the basis of «technological» connection between anthropogenous landforms and mineral-bearing layers' occurrence, as well as on the basis of physical-geographical conditions of the region. The authors discuss the subject with reference to various Mineral deposits within the USSR and abroad are come to the conclusion that the nature's preservation requires proper forecasting at early stages of technical projects development.

The development of morphostructural ideas often breaks the main methodological principle of geomorphology, i. e. consideration of landforms as resulted from internal and external processes interaction. The error is due to predominance of geological approach to morphostructures, the latter being mixed with tectonic structures. It is necessary to take into account the exogenous component in the morphostructures evolution as well as pay special attention to paleo-climatic aspects in the morphostructural analysis.

A new definition of the geomorphology («study of land surface relief and its evolution as manifestation of the earthcrust matter movement») is given after critical review of other scientists opinions (N.I. Nikolayev, G.I. Khudyakov) on content and purposes of geomorphology. Division of the geomorphology into branches is discussed.

Using space images data on West Afr.ica coast and referring to A. Guilcher article on Angola, O. K. Leontyev and M. V. Belodedenko came to conclusion opposite to this of P. A. Kaplin a. o., the latter say that usually there is no longshore drift of debris at open oceanic coasts, and large built-up coastal forms are not connected with the drift. Analyzing the same data the authors of the given paper argue that West African coast dynamics can be explained not by longshore drift (as O. K. Leontyev and Belodedenko assumed) but by transversal movement of debris (from sea to land). The large built-up coastal forms may have but external resemblance to the forms, created by longshore drift. In fact, they result from continuous debris supply from sea floor towards the coast.

Field studies and cartographic analysis allowed compiling a schematic map showing intensity of gullies' growth at Tadjikistan and recent state of gully erosion. The author outlined seven sites of most intensive gully erosion. Maximum values registered of gully growth are 82,5 m under undisturbed vegetation and 674,7 m per year at irrigated lands. Intensity of gullies' growth under natural conditions has been proved to follow vertical zonality, maximum value of the growth is registered at middle mountain zone, at irrigated lands most intensive growth is at valleys. Quantitative data are given for individual years and regions.

For the first time a morphostructural map has been compiled for the central part of the Baikal-Amur line area using space photos interpretation. The map shows only the elements indentified at the space images of various scale and spectral zones, geomorphological, neotectonic, geological and geophysical data were taken into consideration and confirmed by surface observations. The studies reveal that the Baikalian rift is continued eastward till the upper reaches of the Zeia River, recent topography is greatly influenced by ring and arcuate structures, both inherited and newly formed, the Stanovaya morphostructural area is an independent one, coinciding with deep-seated fault zone, large zones of deep faults have been identified, neotectonic structures proved to be connected with geophysical anomalies etc.

Bedrock topography at the South-West Timan region reveals together with distinct buried valleys (characterized by presence of fluvial deposits at the axial parts, regular slope of fluvial bed and regular changes of alluvium thickness) significant over-depend depressions which cannot be fragments of a single drainage system, as it had been previously assumed (Bashilov, 1974). Morphology and geological features provide evidence that the overdeepenings are troughs of glacial expiration and of erosion of melt water.

Tide currents regime of the southern North Sea has not been changed essentially throughout the time interval under consideration. Dynamics of sand-gravel built-up bedford are controlled by non-periodic component of the currents, i. e. residual currents, the latter's regime revealing quasi-periodical fluctuations.

During geomorphological studies at the Mascarene Ridge a submarine device «Sever-3» has been used for the first time. The observation from the device established the central part of the ridge being built of limestones at least 1650 meters thick. Folded and fault distortions pronounced in sea floor topography were identified at saddles, which are areas of shear deformations due to transform fault zones. Some shoals are proved to be submerged atolls. A conclusion is drawn at the Central Mascarene Ridge rise at the end of Paleogene which changed into sinking at the end of Neogene.

A quantitative estimation of the present-day erosion at Northern Ossetia is given on the base of field observation, air photographs interpretation and son other data. Glacial denudation removes from the area of present-day glaciation (20 sq.km) 16 000 cum per year, avalanches carry out 9000 cu.m per year from 100 sq.km, rockfall accumulation on 5 sq.km is 800-1000 cu.m per year, rock talus moves 240-400 cu.m debris, the scarp front being 1 km long, mudflows remove 150 000 cu.m per year from 100 sq.km area, karst denudation rate is 26,8 cu.m per year, sheetwash value from arable slopes is 100 cu.m, from slopes with natural vegetation- 48 cu.m per year, mean value of gully erosion (calculated for one gully, catchment area being 20 sq.km) is 3000 cu.m. Total erosion estimated from rivers solid discharge is proved to be erroneous, river load being only 40-50% of the whole volume of eroded material.

Ratio of mean total specific intensity of exogenous processes (1,8 Mm per year) to recent tectonic movements rate is 1:12 to 1:14 for high mountains, 1:6 to 1:8 for middle mountains, 1:2 to 1:4 for low mountains.

The introduced technique of calculation of recent erosion general volume can be used for the same calculations at other mountain regions.

Morphostructures of the Issyk Kul region are characterised with asymmetry. One of morphostructures limbs is usually broken by neotectonic fault, Three types of morphostructures contacts are identified at the Issyk Kul region, i. e. stepped, adyr-stepped and contrasting ones. Zones of morphostructures can either gradually change one into another or have fault boundaries. The contact zones are 2 to 20 km width. Distribution of strong earthquakes epicenters reveals their connection with contrasting type of morphostructures contacts.

Stationary coast studies allow to calculate sediments budget at the Ukrainian coast of the Black Sea. Debris supply has been studied from cliffs and benches marine erosion, mineral part of shells, river solid discharge and eolian processes, mean total supply value being 30 400000 cu∙m per year. The debris volume is partly carried out of the coastal zone (21 950 000 cu∙m per year), partly fixed in built-up coastal forms and limens (6 700000 cu-m per year), or carried out by wind (550 000 cu∙m per year); loss through abrasion is l 200 000 cu∙m per year.

Up-to-date textbook on general geomorphology

A monograph on sediments transport on the Earth's surface: Statham. Earth surface Sediment Transport. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1977.

Field experiment in geomorphology (on results of Symposium of Commission on field experiments in geomorphology, IGU, France)

All-Union seminar on paleo-geomorphoiogical methods application to oil and gas prospecting