Among maps of neotectonics there should be distinguished regional maps and general-survey maps. There is offered (Table 1, Fig. 1) a unique legend of the general survey map of neotectonics of the World and schemes of neotectonic regioning (Fig. 2). A new classification of tectonic structures for the neotectonic stage of development is given (Table 2, Fig. 3). Clod-block structure of the earth's crust finding its reflection in the relief is being proved (Fig. 4). There are revealed new directions of the biggest breaks of the planetary scope-superlineaments. The connection of positive and negative exceeding of geoide in relation to ellipsoid with anomalies in substance thickness of the upper mantle is established. Europe serves as an example that there exist bonds between peculiarities of neotectonics, relief and its development and elements of geophysical structure and shape of the Earth. The problem of lower limit of neotectonic stage is regarded. In conclusion there are pointed out qualitatively new peculiarities in tectonic development of the Earth in the most recent stage and the importance of compiling special international neotectonic survey maps.

In the course of differentiation of sciences on Earth on the boundary of geography and geology there sprang up a new independent branch of science-geomorphology. Its further development gave birth to new scientific disciplines and branches. At the joint of geomorphology and engineering geology there formed up an independent marginal branch-engineering geomorphology. Its appearance is stipulated by an increasing importance of the cover of the Earth for technical and economic practice of mankind. Investigation and evaluation of processes of relief formation and forms of the Earth's cover from the point of view of finding the optimum variant for distribution of engineering and building constructions, providing for their rational and effective running and protection f:om disastrous natural processes is the subject of engineering geomorphology. Hence precede the main scientific tasks of the new branch. Engineering geomorphology is a branch of science where there are used both general, traditional (morphometry, morpholythology, morphodynamics. morphological analysis) and special methods (mathematico-statistical, experimental, calculation method, the method of engineering - geomorphological mapping and some others).

On the basis of the latest geophysical, geological and geomorphological data there are calculated amplitudes and the rate of upliling of the Carpathians during the neogen-quaternary time, physical essence of this phenomenon is regarded, intensity values of endogenic and exogenic factors in development of the Carpathians' relief are compared.

There are compared data on oil and gas resources, the most recent tectonics and morphostructure of the territory of the USSR. The majority of oil and gas deposits are established to be characteristic of regions with the submerged foundation and a large thickness of the sediment case, and within their limits, of the latest tectonic uplifts clearly expressed in the relief. Regions with the most recent intensive uplifts due to drainage and opening of the entrails do not contain industrial deposits of oil and gas. Movements along breaks and f alls have played a great role in distribution of oil and gas deposits.

Analysis of the materials of deep boring and seismic sounding by ancient stratigraphical gaps of a number of oil- and gas-bearing structures allows arriving at a conclusion of primary distribution of inversion paleomorphostructures on the boundary of big continental interruptions in the East and Central Pre--Caucasus. The inversion degree of paleorelief is stipulated, first of all, by activity of tectonic processes, lythological factor plays but a passive role. Terrigenic sediments that fill paleovalleys can serve as lythologically and stratigraphically screened traps for oil and gas deposits. Some regularities of expression of oil- and gas-bearing anticlinal structures in the buried relief given in the paper are of great importance for geological prospecting.

For the territory of the Tumen region there are compiled three morphometrical maps: the map of slope angle of the surface, the map of depth of dividing of relief and the map of density of dividing of relief. Numeric indices obtained by way of metrical mapping (cartometrical method) are laid into foundation of all the maps. Maps of slope angles and depth dividing maps were compiled by means of entire (area) measurements, the map of density of relief dividing was made with the help of the key method and with the of mathematical statistics methods. These maps make possible a more accurate definition of the orographical scheme of West Siberia and enable to give a strict qualitative characteristic to the accepted orographical notions.

In the valley of the Upper Dniester River there are singled out two area plots which are different tectonically - the Precarpathian plot and the Opolje one. Alternation of climatic rhythms occurreb at the background of continuous but non-uniform uplifting of the territory on these plots which strengthened or weakened processes of erosion and accumulation. Different degree of influence of climatic and tectonic f actors on the plots mentioned called forth differences in the quantity of structures and in morphological peculiarities of terraces of the Pre - Carpathian and Opolje plots.

A typical relic hillock-hollow microrelief is discovered on the North of the Yaroslavi region. It is clearly distinct on aero-photographs of the scales 1:15000-1:5000. Topographical works disclosed a system of hillocks and hollows 15-25 metres in size with hillocks rising over hollows by 2 metres. Geological section in lowering of microrelief revealed specific structures which are interpreted as traces of melted and later on filled glacial veins. By the sum of geomorphological signs the hillock - hollow microrelief is determined as the remaining system of the cryogenic genesis. This relic microrelief concludes a genetically unique chain of formations: grounds-blocks-hillocks in the general series of forms of relic cryogenic morphosculpture.

Described are geomorphological conditions and the reasons for the formation of a disastrous mud-stream on the Surkhob river in Tajikistan. It is emphasized that the basin of the Yaldomyg river is still in danger of mud-streams and that only a part of the loose material disturbed by the main and the side landslides has been carried away.

Analysis of the form of the longitudinal profile of rivers can be used when making aleogeomorphological reconstructions. Comparing of different equations used for approximation of the longitudinal profiles of rivers showed that most exactly the form of topographical profile is expressed through the logarithmic equasion of the type h=K-d lg l. All other equations: parabolic, lagorithmica, exponent and bilogarithmic equations do not express the form of the actually existing profile, and besides, very often are hard for calculations. Empirically it was established that the parameters of a logarithmic equasion can be defined without knowing the actual profile what is especially important for paleogeomorphological reconstructions. The parameter K is defined by the altitude of the source of the river, correlation coefficient between them is equal to 0.931-0.03. The parameter d is rather well correlated with the difference of altitudes of the source and mouth of the river (H) : d=0.417H, correlation coefficient - 0.91±0.04.

In the article there are regarded the main problems in studying of ancient valleys as paleogeomorphological objects. A great importance of the comparative analysis of different age valleys within one and the same physico-geographical or geostructural region and of the same age but in different regions is stressed upon. The article recommends methods for comparing valleys by morphology, by displacement in the plan and profile with the examples given. As a result of studying of valleys the article offers compilation of a graph of erosion maxima and of accumulation.

The contribution of soil science into geomorphology and paleogeography

On the evaluation of the influence of carst on river run-off

A new edition of the Text-book on Geomorphology: Machatschek Goemoprhologie, bearbeilet von H. Grail und C. Rathjens, 9, Auflage, 209 Seiten mit 87 Bildern, Teuber-Stuttgart, 1968.

General papers. Theoretical problems. Collections of articles. Geomorphological journals.

The study of recent tectonic movements on complex geodynamic polygons

Regional Meeting of Geomorphologists and Neotectonicians of the Urals and Povolzhye