Salt tectonics and mud volcanism move upward considerable masses within large regions of the Earth being important relief-forming f actors, More than a thousand of active salt structures have been found at the Caspian lowland, North German lowland, Gulf of Mexico basin. The salt stuctures are differently pronounced in the present-day topography (from inconsiderable elevations to real mountains up to hundreds of meters high).
Mud volcanoes are more restricted in their distribution, is some regions (such as Kerch-Taman region or SE Azerbaijan) they are one of leading morphogenetic factors. Mud breccia volume brought up at the surf ace by large mud volcanoes reaches hundreds of millions of cubic meters.
The salt tectonics act for longer time and more constantly, salt structures development continued throughout Mesozoic and Cenozoic while mud volcanoes activity is more typical for Pliocene - Quaternary.
A definition of the «correlate deposits» is suggested applicable to deposits associated with landforms of various origins. A classification of the correlate deposits is developed. The term «correlate deposits» designates auxiliary object of geomorphological studies and is fundamental in the conceptual system of geomorphology.
Научные сообщения
Abkhazian coast from the Bombar reid to the Gumista River mouth shows distinct discrepancy between beach-forming alluvium input and beach sediment quantity. The beach sediments are abundantly brought from the Gudauta shoal and can be easily identified at the, beach, On the basis of the observations the author revises the beach sediment balance and concludes on inadequacy of passive concrete shore-protecting constructions, the latter should be replaced by artificial fill.
The comparison of planation surf aces of the Polish-Slovakian and Ukrainian Carpathi.ans permits to conclude about spreading of pediments in the Ukrainian Carpathians and adjoining troughs.
Block structure is clearly pronounced in the southern Yakutia topography. Several topographic steps are distinguished, differing in absolute height and spatial orientation, the higher are the levels, and the more various is their orientation. One level cons-idered to be basal and to form pedestal for higher steps. At some regions increase in absolute heights proved to be inconsistent with the dissection density, certain boundaries of drainage density are established.
A series of paleo-geomorphological maps and features of the day surface topography analysis permit to describe main stages of the Byelorussian topography evolution. A unidirectional character of the evolution is indicated, the structure being continuously complicated, drainage density increasing, the ancient denudational plains are lessening, morainic plains and glacial marginal landforms area increasing. Main uplands, river valleys and glacial lake hollows are shown to be inherited changes in lake and river terraces are of cyclic character.
Space photoes interpretation revealed several groups of lineaments within the limits of West Siberian Plain, their relation to disjunctive dislocations in the sedimentary mantle (both supposed and proven) being considered. A suggestion is made concerning: the linear morphostructures at the north West Siberian Plain to be connected with horizontal crust movements, main topographic features being thus under control of endogenous factor.
Quantitative data are analysed which the author obtained during stationary field observation of sheet wash at Ulyanovsk region. The data reveal complicated and ambiguous character of slope wash, the loose material moves downslope wavelike, the rate depends on climate and slope characteristics (orientation, morphology, grass cover development). Man-induced components of the sheet wash are roughly estimated.
There are some large landforms in the Kara Kum desert which are not quite clear as far as their origin is concerned; the orientation and morphology of the landforms cannot be explained in terms of the existing concept of wind regime and landforms correlation. Recent space photoes permit to give other interpretation to origin and orientation of some eolian macroforms in Kara Kum. Thus arcuate chains of shots correspond to a ring structure at western Lower Kara Kum. Kyrs and large sand ridges develop at slopes of the Central Kara Kum vault. Gentle semicircles of sand ridges at West Turkmenian lowland also suggest a ring structure.
Методика научных исследований
Sheet wash studies were carried out in the Kursk region using soil profiles analysis, eroded layer thickness being taken as indicator of the wash processes. A variability of humic horizon thickness under natural conditions has been established for chernozems and gray forest soils. The differentiated standard for non-eroded soils is proposed, which has been developed for individual types and sub-types of soils which occur on various topographic elements differing in orientation. A map of soil erosion degree id compiled for the Kursk region.
The paper gives reasons for local morphometric analysis application to detailed studies of both exposed and buried topography, the local morphometric analysis consists of complex technique aimed to detailed quantitative description of specific local features of' exposed and buried topography. A notion of «morphometric complex» is introduced, which includes geomorphic objects of different order, the morphometric complex is characterized by its location, special pattern of elements, their groups and landforms as well as by specific morphometric characteristics.
Дискуссии
The paper considers the principal f actors of relief formation and their causal relationship as the basis for the development of the «relief» notion. The article reveals the contradictory essence of relief, which is conditioned by its dualistic nature (surface-volume).
The following definition of the «relief» notion is presented on the basis of the analysis of existing definitions as well as most significant features: «Relief of the solid Earth is a geomorphic body, existing in the four-dimensional geologic space-time and formed as the result of interaction between space factors and planetary exogenic and endogenic processes which take place in continuously changing gravitational field of the planet, the body is restricted by the external surface of the Earth's crust, its lower limit coincides with the Mohorovicic discontinuity.
История науки
Вклад Б.Ф. Добрынина в развитие советской геоморфологии (к столетию со дня рождения)
ISSN 2949-1797 (Online)
