Little precipitation combines with abundance of different and fresh erosion forms in the arid countries. Global data analysis doesn't confirm the conclusion about semiarid maximum of solid run-off. Only rive erosion forms may be thought of as the relics of pluvial epochs. Numerous forms made by ephemeral channel and non-channel flows are the result of recent erosion of extreme intensity. Show outbreaks of erosion are succeeded by enduring dry periods of weak denudation. This provides good preservation and freshness of erosion forms in arid zones.

For the first time C¹⁴ data on- the humic acids of holocene beams, slopes and flood bed deposits and buried soils are represented (25 darings). Five buried soils of different age, divided by deluvial or alluvial layers may be distinguished. Three of them are most widespread: Early Atlantic, Subboreal and Subatlantic. Soil development occurs predominantly during climatic optimums of Holocene - the most favorable epochs. During Holocene soil erosion was activated repeatedly due to natural conditions in the most cold, dry and fire hazard periods. Intensity of erosion reached its maximum in the early Iron age in connection with human activity and became catastrophic in the late period of land development (400-100 years b.p.).

Preliminary scheme of dynamic orderliness of Eurasia landforms and surrounding aquatic areas is given. It is based on universal principles of symmetry, decrement and hierarchy, natural geographic forms considered, and is represented by symmetric-antisymmetric two-level cells (Yin-Yanysystems) with different altitude levels (Earth's crust types) being divided by internal S-shaped boundary internal and external boundaries of in-yan systems coincide with the boundaries of tectonic regions.

Model describes the quick growth of gully's length and depth. It is based on the equations of balance of silt load and deformation - for the description of transformation of longitudinal section of gully and on the equation of straight slope stability - for the cross-section changes. Model is verified by data of field measurements, it is represented as software algorithm AUSGUL.

Некоторые соображения об использовании математических методов для анализа эволюции рельефа

The apparent similarity of glacial and periglacial hummocky landscapes often leads to errors in delimiting former glaciated and perennially frozen areas by means of aerial mapping. To avoid the misinterpretation a set of morphological criteria is suggested, based on inherent difference between relief development by thermokarst sinking in .permafrost terrains, on one hand, and by glaciokarst piercing of stagnant glaciers, on the other. Inverted glacial hillocks have an irregular shape, being produced by piling of superimposed filling of multi-floored glaciokarst cavities. Flatter knolls of periglacial terrains, originating from dust-filled surface thaw lakes, are fairly regular in plan and often show a preferred orientation.

Morphodymanic types of mountain and semi-mountain river channels, depend on complex of geologic-geomorphologic factors. The stability of the latter during several Pleistocene erosion cycles in those parts of river valleys, which have not undergone restructuring, has led to strong inheritance in the development of morphodynamic types of channels. The stability of tributary mouth zones and their evolution are controlled by morphodynamic type and lateral deformations of main river channel. The evolution of tributary mouths and their vicinity effects the morphology of the main river and confluence points.

The region of permafrost in the downstream of Podkamennaya Tunguska is under consideration. Indication of cryogenic and not cryogenic landscapes was fulfilled on the basis of data on geomorphological structure and recent geomorphological processes. The distribution of cryogenic landscapes, frozen rocks and thaw rocks, and therefore the landscape structure of the ecotone zone depend mostly on macrogeomorphologic pattern of the territory - planation belt and cutting belt of relief. Each of them has specific combination of natural factors, including geomorphological ones, which determine the exact distribution of cryogenic and not cryogenic landscapes.

Three possible causes of Teresvenskiye steeps origin in the Eastern Carpathians are under consideration: landslide, seismic-gravitational and seismic. The second variant is proved to be real on the basis of geomorphological and macroseismic data.

The paper summarizes fieldwork data on glacio-marginal formations in the Kola Peninsula and adjoining areas of the Barents and the White Seas (an empiricalmodel). The spatial reconstruction-of the Kolian Glacial Lobe off the Scandinavian ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum is performed by means of math modelling. On the base of these models the authors suggest that Scandinavian ice sheet under its own physical parameters did not spread farther than the Kanin Peninsular to the east and the Murman near-by offshore (Kola shelf of the Barents Sea) to the north.

The ravine was thoroughly investigated by means of geologic and topographic-geodetic methods. Three episodes of filling of the ravine by slope deposits during Boreal and Early Atlantic periods of the Holocene were revealed. Two latest were correlated with linear erosion animation as the result of fires. Active secondary bottom erosion occurs during only few last centuries b.p. The longitudinal profile of the ravine was reconstructed, volumes of accumulated material and eroded one were calculated. On this account the conclusion was made that accumulation in Holocene overbalanced bottom erosion.

The new scheme of classification of drainage network upper elements has been worked out. It takes into account the position of these elements in the genetic sequence of erosion landforms, combination of their features arisen at different stages of Pleistocene and Holocene, rock character.

Рецензии на издания:

Руководство по спасению и жизнеобеспечению населения при катастрофических процессах на территории Сахалинской области / Под ред. М.П. Цивилева, Г.Л. Кофта. М.-Южно-Сахалинск: Военно-инженерная академия. ИЛРАН, 1996. 104 с.

Кофф ГЛ., Гусев А.А., Козьменко С.Н. Экономическая оценка последствий катастрофических землетрясений. М.: Институт литосферы РАН, Институт проблем рынка РАН, 1996. 200 с.

Лобацкая Р.М., Кофф ГЛ. Разломы литосферы и чрезвычайные ситуации. М.: Иркутский Государственный Технический Университет, Институт литосферы РАН, І 997. 196 с.